1.     Liquidity Risk Management - Need & Importance:

A bank is said to be solvent if it's net worth is not negative. To put it differently, a bank is solvent if the total realizable value of its assets is more than its outside liabilities (i.e. other than it's equity/owned funds). As such, at any point in time, a bank could be (i) both solvent and liquid or (ii) liquid but not solvent or (iii) solvent but not liquid or (iv) neither solvent nor liquid. The need to stay both solvent and liquid therefore, makes effective liquidity management crucial for increasing the profitability as also the long-term viability/solvency of a bank.  This also highlights the importance of the need of having the best Liquid Risk Management practices in place in Banks.

We can very well imagine what could happen to a bank if a depositor wanting to withdraw his deposit is told to do so later or the next day in view of non-availability of cash. The consequences could be severe and may even sound the death knell of the bank. Any bank, however, strong  it may be, would not be able to survive if all the depositors queue up demanding their money back.

A Liquidity problem in a bank could be the first symptom of  financial trouble brewing and shall need to be assessed and addressed on an enterprise-wide basis quickly and effectively, as such problems can not only cause significant disruptions on either side of a bank's balance sheet but can also transcend individual banks to cause systemic disruptions. Banks play a significant role as liquidity providers in the financial system and to play it effectively they need to have sound liquidity risk management systems in place. With greater opening up of the world economies and easier cross border flows of funds, the repercussions of liquidity disturbances in one financial system could cause ripples in others. The recent sub-prime crisis in the US and its impact on others, stands ample testimony to this reality. Liquidity Risk Management, thus, is of critical importance not only to bankers but to the regulators as well.

Some Key Considerations in LRM include

(i)             Availability of liquid assets,

(ii)            Extent of volatility of the deposits,

(iii)           Degree of reliance on volatile sources of funding,

(iv)          Level of diversification of funding sources,

(v)           Historical trend of stability of deposits,

(vi)          Quality of maturing assets,

(vii)         Market reputation,

(viii)        Availability of undrawn standbys,

(ix)          Impact of off balance sheet exposures on the balance sheet, and

(x)           Contingency plans.

Some of the issues that need to be kept in view while managing liquidity include

(i)             The extent of operational liquidity, reserve liquidity and contingency liquidity that are required

(ii)            The impact of changes in the market or economic condition on the liquidity needs

(iii)           The availability, accessibility and cost of liquidity

(iv)          The existence of early warning systems to facilitate prompt action prior to surfacing of the problem and

(v)           The efficacy of the processes in place to ensure successful execution of the solutions in times of need.

2.     Potential Liquidity Risk Drivers:

The internal and external factors in banks that may potentially lead to liquidity risk problems in Banks are as under:

Internal Banking Factors	External Banking Factors
High off-balance sheet exposures.	Very sensitive financial markets depositors.
The banks rely heavily on the short-term corporate deposits.	External and internal economic shocks.
A gap in the maturity dates of assets and liabilities.	Low/slow economic performances.
The banks’ rapid asset expansions exceed the available funds on the liability side	Decreasing depositors’ trust on the banking sector.
Concentration of deposits in the short term Tenor	Non-economic factors
Less allocation in the liquid government instruments.	Sudden and massive liquidity withdrawals from depositors.
Fewer placements of funds in long-term deposits.	Unplanned termination of government deposits.

3.     Types of Liquidity Risk:

Banks face the following types of liquidity risk:

(i)     Funding Liquidity Risk – the risk that a bank will not be able to meet efficiently the expected and unexpected current and future cash flows and collateral needs without affecting either its daily operations or its financial condition.

(ii)    Market Liquidity Risk – the risk that a bank cannot easily offset or eliminate a position at the prevailing market price because of inadequate market depth or market disruption.

4.     Principles for Sound Liquidity Risk Management:

After the global financial crisis, in recognition of the need for banks to improve their liquidity risk management, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) published “Principles for Sound Liquidity Risk Management and Supervision” in September 2008. The broad principles for sound liquidity risk management by banks as envisaged by BCBS are as under:

Fundamental principle for the management and supervision of liquidity risk
Principle 1	A bank is responsible for the sound management of liquidity risk. A bank should establish a robust liquidity risk management framework that ensures it maintains sufficient liquidity, including a cushion of unencumbered, high quality liquid assets, to withstand a range of stress events, including those involving the loss or impairment of both unsecured and secured funding sources. Supervisors should assess the adequacy of both a bank’s liquidity risk management framework and its liquidity position and should take prompt action if a bank is deficient in either area in order to protect depositors and to limit potential damage to the financial system.
Governance of liquidity risk management
Principle 2	A bank should clearly articulate a liquidity risk tolerance that is appropriate for its business strategy and its role in the financial system.
Principle 3	Senior management should develop a strategy, policies and practices to manage liquidity risk in accordance with the risk tolerance and to ensure that the bank maintains sufficient liquidity. Senior management should continuously review information on the bank’s liquidity developments and report to the board of directors on a regular basis. A bank’s board of directors should review and approve the strategy, policies and practices related to the management of liquidity at least annually and ensure that senior management manages liquidity risk effectively.
Principle 4	A bank should incorporate liquidity costs, benefits and risks in the internal pricing, performance measurement and new product approval process for all significant business activities (both on- and off-balance sheet), thereby aligning the risk-taking incentives of individual business lines with the liquidity risk exposures their activities create for the bank as a whole.
Measurement and management of liquidity risk
Principle 5	A bank should have a sound process for identifying, measuring, monitoring and controlling liquidity risk. This process should include a robust framework for comprehensively projecting cash flows arising from assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet items over an appropriate set of time horizons.
Principle 6	A bank should actively monitor and control liquidity risk exposures and funding needs within and across legal entities, business lines and currencies, taking into account legal, regulatory and operational limitations to the transferability of liquidity.
Principle 7	A bank should establish a funding strategy that provides effective diversification in the sources and tenor of funding. It should maintain an ongoing presence in its chosen funding markets and strong relationships with funds providers to promote effective diversification of funding sources. A bank should regularly gauge its capacity to raise funds quickly from each source. It should identify the main factors that affect its ability to raise funds and monitor those factors closely to ensure that estimates of fund raising capacity remain valid.
Principle 8	A bank should actively manage its intraday liquidity positions and risks to meet payment and settlement obligations on a timely basis under both normal and stressed conditions and thus contribute to the smooth functioning of payment and settlement systems.
Principle 9	A bank should actively manage its collateral positions, differentiating between encumbered and unencumbered assets. A bank should monitor the legal entity and physical location where collateral is held and how it may be mobilised in a timely manner.
Principle 10	A bank should conduct stress tests on a regular basis for a variety of short-term and protracted institution-specific and market-wide stress scenarios (individually and in combination) to identify sources of potential liquidity strain and to ensure that current exposures remain in accordance with a bank’s established liquidity risk tolerance. A bank should use stress test outcomes to adjust its liquidity risk management strategies, policies, and positions and to develop effective contingency plans.
Principle 11	A bank should have a formal contingency funding plan (CFP) that clearly sets out the strategies for addressing liquidity shortfalls in emergency situations. A CFP should outline policies to manage a range of stress environments, establish clear lines of responsibility, include clear invocation and escalation procedures and be regularly tested and updated to ensure that it is operationally robust.
Principle 12	A bank should maintain a cushion of unencumbered, high quality liquid assets to be held as insurance against a range of liquidity stress scenarios, including those that involve the loss or impairment of unsecured and typically available secured funding sources. There should be no legal, regulatory or operational impediment to using these assets to obtain funding.
Public disclosure
Principle 13	A bank should publicly disclose information on a regular basis that enables market participants to make an informed judgment about the soundness of its liquidity risk management framework and liquidity position.

Thus, a sound liquidity risk management system would envisage that:

i) A bank should establish a robust liquidity risk management framework.

ii) The Board of Directors (BoD) of a bank should be responsible for sound management of liquidity risk and should clearly articulate a liquidity risk tolerance appropriate for its business strategy and its role in the financial system.

iii) The BoD should develop strategy, policies and practices to manage liquidity risk in accordance with the risk tolerance and ensure that the bank maintains sufficient liquidity. The BoD should review the strategy, policies and practices at least annually.

iv) Top management/ALCO should continuously review information on bank’s liquidity developments and report to the BoD on a regular basis.

v) A bank should have a sound process for identifying, measuring, monitoring and controlling liquidity risk, including a robust framework for comprehensively projecting cash flows arising from assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet items over an appropriate time horizon.

vi) A bank’s liquidity management process should be sufficient to meet its funding needs and cover both expected and unexpected deviations from normal operations.

vii) A bank should incorporate liquidity costs, benefits and risks in internal pricing, performance measurement and new product approval process for all significant business activities.

viii) A bank should actively monitor and manage liquidity risk exposure and funding needs within and across legal entities, business lines and currencies, taking into account legal, regulatory and operational limitations to transferability of liquidity.

ix) A bank should establish a funding strategy that provides effective diversification in the source and tenor of funding, and maintain ongoing presence in its chosen funding markets and counterparties, and address inhibiting factors in this regard.

x) Senior management should ensure that market access is being actively managed, monitored, and tested by the appropriate staff.

xi) A bank should identify alternate sources of funding that strengthen its capacity to withstand a variety of severe bank specific and market-wide liquidity shocks.

xii) A bank should actively manage its intra-day liquidity positions and risks.

xiii) A bank should actively manage its collateral positions.

xiv) A bank should conduct stress tests on a regular basis for short-term and protracted institution-specific and market-wide stress scenarios and use stress test outcomes to adjust its liquidity risk management strategies, policies and position and develop effective contingency plans.

xv) Senior management of banks should monitor for potential liquidity stress events by using early warning indicators and event triggers. Early warning signals may include, but are not limited to, negative publicity concerning an asset class owned by the bank, increased potential for deterioration in the bank’s financial condition, widening debt or credit default swap spreads, and increased concerns over the funding of off- balance sheet items.

xvi) To mitigate the potential for reputation contagion, a bank should have a system of effective communication with counterparties, credit rating agencies, and other stakeholders when liquidity problems arise.

xvii) A bank should have a formal contingency funding plan (CFP) that clearly sets out the strategies for addressing liquidity shortfalls in emergency situations. A CFP should delineate policies to manage a range of stress environments, establish clear lines of responsibility, and articulate clear implementation and escalation procedures.

xviii) A bank should maintain a cushion of unencumbered, high quality liquid assets to be held as insurance against a range of liquidity stress scenarios.

xix) A bank should publicly disclose its liquidity information on a regular basis that enables market participants to make an informed judgment about the soundness of its liquidity risk management framework and liquidity position.

5.     Governance of Liquidity Risk Management:

The Reserve Bank had issued guidelines on Asset Liability Management (ALM) system, covering inter alia liquidity risk management system, in February 1999 and October 2007. Successful implementation of any risk management process has to emanate from the top management in the bank with the demonstration of its strong commitment to integrate basic operations and strategic decision making with risk management. Ideally, the organisational set up for liquidity risk management should be as under:

A.    The Board of Directors (BoD):

The BoD should have the overall responsibility for management of liquidity risk. The Board should decide the strategy, policies and procedures of the bank to manage liquidity risk in accordance with the liquidity risk tolerance/limits as detailed in paragraph 14. The risk tolerance should be clearly understood at all levels of management. The Board should also ensure that it understands the nature of the liquidity risk of the bank including liquidity risk profile of all branches, subsidiaries and associates (both domestic and overseas), periodically reviews information necessary to maintain this understanding, establishes executive-level lines of authority and responsibility for managing the bank’s liquidity risk, enforces management’s duties to identify, measure, monitor, and manage liquidity risk and formulates/reviews the contingent funding plan.

B.    The Risk Management Committee:

The Risk Management Committee, which reports to the Board, consisting of Chief Executive Officer (CEO)/Chairman and Managing Director (CMD) and heads of credit, market and operational risk management committee should be responsible for evaluating the overall risks faced by the bank including liquidity risk. The potential interaction of liquidity risk with other risks should also be included in the risks addressed by the risk management committee.

C.    The Asset-Liability Management Committee (ALCO):

The Asset-Liability Management Committee (ALCO) consisting of the bank’s top management should be responsible for ensuring adherence to the risk tolerance/limits set by the Board as well as implementing the liquidity risk management strategy of the bank in line with bank’s decided risk management objectives and risk tolerance.

D.    The Asset Liability Management (ALM) Support Group:

The ALM Support Group consisting of operating staff should be responsible for analysing, monitoring and reporting the liquidity risk profile to the ALCO. The group should also prepare forecasts (simulations) showing the effect of various possible changes in market conditions on the bank’s liquidity position and recommend action needed to be taken to maintain the liquidity position/adhere to bank’s internal limits.

6.     Liquidity Risk Management Policy, Strategies and Practices:

The first step towards liquidity management is to put in place an effective liquidity risk management policy, which inter alia, should spell out the liquidity risk tolerance, funding strategies, prudential limits, system for measuring, assessing and reporting / reviewing liquidity, framework for stress testing, liquidity planning under alternative scenarios/formal contingent funding plan, nature and frequency of management reporting, periodical review of assumptions used in liquidity projection, etc. The policy should also address liquidity separately for individual currencies, legal entities like subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates, and business lines, when appropriate and material, and should place limits on transfer of liquidity keeping in view the regulatory, legal and operational constraints.

The BoD or its delegated committee of board members should oversee the establishment and approval of policies, strategies and procedures to manage liquidity risk, and review them at least annually.

6.1          Liquidity Risk Tolerance:

 Banks should have an explicit liquidity risk tolerance set by the Board of Directors. The risk tolerance should define the level of liquidity risk that the bank is willing to assume, and should reflect the bank’s financial condition and funding capacity. The tolerance should ensure that the bank manages its liquidity in normal times in such a way that it is able to withstand a prolonged period of, both institution specific and market wide stress events. The risk tolerance articulation by a bank should be explicit, comprehensive and appropriate as per its complexity, business mix, liquidity risk profile and systemic significance. They may also be subject to sensitivity analysis. The risk tolerance could be specified by way of fixing the tolerance levels for various maturities under flow approach depending upon the bank’s liquidity risk profile as also for various ratios under stock approach. Risk tolerance may also be expressed in terms of minimum survival horizons (without Central Bank or Government intervention) under a range of severe but plausible stress scenarios, chosen to reflect the particular vulnerabilities of the bank. The key assumptions may be subject to a periodic review by the Board.

6.2          Strategy for Managing Liquidity Risk:

The strategy for managing liquidity risk should be appropriate for the nature, scale and complexity of a bank’s activities. In formulating the strategy, banks/banking groups should take into consideration its legal structures, key business lines, the breadth and diversity of markets, products, jurisdictions in which they operate and home and host country regulatory requirements, etc. Strategies should identify primary sources of funding for meeting daily operating cash outflows, as well as expected and unexpected cash flow fluctuations.

7.     Management of Liquidity Risk:

A bank should have a sound process for identifying, measuring, monitoring and mitigating liquidity risk as enumerated below:

8.1  Identification:

A bank should define and identify the liquidity risk to which it is exposed for each major on and off-balance sheet position, including the effect of embedded options and other contingent exposures that may affect the bank’s sources and uses of funds and for all currencies in which a bank is active.

8.2          Measurement of Liquidity Risk:

There are two simple ways of measuring liquidity; one is the stock approach and the other, flow approach. The stock approach is the first step in evaluating liquidity. Under this method, certain ratios, like liquid assets to short term total liabilities, purchased funds to total assets, core deposits to total assets, loan to deposit ratio, etc. are calculated and compared to the benchmarks that a bank has set for itself. While the stock approach helps up in looking at liquidity from one angle, it does not reveal the intrinsic liquidity profile of a bank.

The flow approach, on the other hand, forecasts liquidity at different points of time. It looks at the liquidity requirements of today, tomorrow, the day thereafter, in the next seven to 14 days and so on. The maturity ladder, thus, constructed helps in tracking the cash flow mismatches over a series of specified time periods. The liquidity controls, apart from being fixed maturity-bucket wise, should also encompass maximum cumulative mismatches across the various time bands.

8.     Ratios in respect of Liquidity Risk Management:

Certain critical ratios in respect of liquidity risk management and their significance for banks are given below. Banks may monitor these ratios by putting in place an internally defined limit approved by the Board for these ratios. The industry averages for these ratios are given for information of banks. They may fix their own limits, based on their liquidity risk management capabilities, experience and profile. The stock ratios are meant for monitoring the liquidity risk at the solo bank level. Banks may also apply these ratios for monitoring liquidity risk in major currencies, viz. US Dollar, Pound Sterling, Euro and Japanese Yen at the solo bank level.

Sl. No.	Ratio	Significance	Industry Average (in %)
1.	(Volatile liabilities – Temporary Assets) /(Earning Assets – Temporary Assets)	Measures the extent to which volatile money supports bank’s basic earning assets. Since the numerator represents short-term, interest sensitive funds, a high and positive number implies some risk of illiquidity.	40
2.	Core deposits/Total Assets	Measures the extent to which assets are funded through stable deposit base.	50
3.	(Loans + mandatory SLR + mandatory CRR + Fixed Assets)/Total Assets	Loans including mandatory cash reserves and statutory liquidity investments are least liquid and hence a high ratio signifies the degree of ‘illiquidity’ embedded in the balance sheet.	80
4.	(Loans + mandatory SLR + mandatory CRR + Fixed Assets) / Core Deposits	Measure the extent to which illiquid assets are financed out of core deposits.	150
5.	Temporary Assets/Total Assets	Measures the extent of available liquid assets. A higher ratio could impinge on the asset utilisation of banking system in terms of opportunity cost of holding liquidity.	40
6.	Temporary Assets/ Volatile Liabilities	Measures the cover of liquid investments relative to volatile liabilities. A ratio of less than 1 indicates the possibility of a liquidity problem.	60
7.	Volatile Liabilities/Total Assets	Measures the extent to which volatile liabilities fund the balance sheet.	60

Volatile Liabilities: (Deposits + borrowings and bills payable up to 1 year). Letters of credit – full outstanding. Component-wise CCF of other contingent credit and commitments. Swap funds (buy/ sell) up to one year. Current deposits (CA) and Savings deposits (SA) i.e. (CASA) deposits reported by the banks as payable within one year (as reported in structural liquidity statement) are included under volatile liabilities. Borrowings include from RBI, call, other institutions and refinance.

Temporary assets =Cash + Excess CRR balances with RBI + Balances with banks + Bills purchased/discounted up to 1 year + Investments up to one year + Swap funds (sell/ buy) up to one year.

 Earning Assets = Total assets – (Fixed assets + Balances in current accounts with other banks + Other assets excluding leasing + Intangible assets)

 Core deposits = All deposits (including CASA) above 1 year (as reported in structural liquidity statement)+ net worth

The above stock ratios are only illustrative and banks could also use other measures / ratios. For example to identify unstable liabilities and liquid asset coverage ratios banks may include ratios of wholesale funding to total liabilities, potentially volatile retail (e.g. high cost or out of market) deposits to total deposits, and other liability dependency measures, such as short term borrowings

9.     Stress Testing:

Stress testing should form an integral part of the overall governance and liquidity risk management culture in banks. A bank should conduct stress tests on a regular basis for a variety of short term and protracted bank specific and market wide stress scenarios (individually and in combination). In designing liquidity stress scenarios, the nature of the bank’s business, activities and vulnerabilities should be taken into consideration so that the scenarios incorporate the major funding and market liquidity risks to which the bank is exposed. These include risks associated with its business activities, products (including complex financial instruments and off-balance sheet items) and funding sources. The defined scenarios should allow the bank to evaluate the potential adverse impact these factors can have on its liquidity position. While historical events may serve as a guide, a bank’s judgment also plays an important role in the design of stress tests.

 Stress tests outcomes should be used to identify and quantify sources of potential liquidity strain and to analyse possible impacts on the bank’s cash flows, liquidity position, profitability and solvency. The results of stress tests should be discussed thoroughly by ALCO. Remedial or mitigating actions should be identified and taken to limit the bank’s exposures, to build up a liquidity cushion and to adjust the liquidity profile to fit the risk tolerance. The results should also play a key role in shaping the bank’s contingent funding planning and in determining the strategy and tactics to deal with events of liquidity stress.

The stress test results and the action taken should be documented by banks and made available to the Reserve Bank / Inspecting Officers as and when required. If the stress test results indicate any vulnerability, these should be reported to the Board and a plan of action charted out immediately. The Department of Banking Supervision, Central Office, Reserve Bank of India should also be kept informed immediately in such cases.

10.  Contingency Funding Plan:

A bank should formulate a contingency funding plan (CFP) for responding to severe disruptions which might affect the bank’s ability to fund some or all of its activities in a timely manner and at a reasonable cost. CFPs should prepare the bank to manage a range of scenarios of severe liquidity stress that include both bank specific and market-wide stress and should be commensurate with a bank’s complexity, risk profile, scope of operations. Contingency plans should contain details of available / potential contingency funding sources and the amount / estimated amount which can be drawn from these sources, clear escalation / prioritisation procedures detailing when and how each of the actions can and should be activated and the lead time needed to tap additional funds from each of the contingency sources.

Contingency plans must be tested regularly to ensure their effectiveness and operational feasibility and should be reviewed by the Board at least on an annual basis.

11.  Overseas Operations of the Indian Banks’ Branches and Subsidiaries and Branches of Foreign banks in India:

A bank’s liquidity policy and procedures should also provide detailed procedures and guidelines for their overseas branches/subsidiaries to manage their operational liquidity on an ongoing basis. Similarly, foreign banks operating in India should also be self reliant with respect to liquidity maintenance and management.

12.  BROAD NORMS IN RESPECT OF LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT:

Some of the broad norms in respect of liquidity management are as follows:

      i.        Banks should not normally assume voluntary risk exposures extending beyond a period of ten years.

     ii.        Banks should endeavour to broaden their base of long- term resources and funding capabilities consistent with their long term assets and commitments.

    iii.        The limits on maturity mismatches shall be established within the following tolerance levels: (a) long term resources should not fall below 70% of long term assets; and (b) long and medium term resources together should not fall below 80% of the long and medium term assets. These controls should be undertaken currency-wise, and in respect of all such currencies which individually constitute 10% or more of a bank’s consolidated overseas balance sheet. Netting of inter-currency positions and maturity gaps is not allowed. For the purpose of these limits, short term, medium term and long term are defined as under:

Short-term:	those maturing within 6 months
Medium-term:	those maturing in 6 months and longer but within 3 years
Long-term:	those maturing in 3 years and longer

Digital banking

Digital Payments

RBI has been playing pivotal role in the area of national payment system, which is the backbone of economic activity
and has taken several initiatives for a safe, secure, sound and efficient payment system in India. Last one decade
witnessed spurt in digital payments on account of increased adoption of technology and regulatory guidelines.
The evolution of e-payment systems in India are:

Digital banking mcqs

Digital banking mcqs::

Q1.The situation of reading of a data by someone other than the intended recipient is referred to as:

 a: impersonation b:eavesdropping *c: data alteration d: denial-of service attack

Q2.Hot listing of Credit card means:

 a enhancement of amount of limit in the card ,b blocking the operations of the card,* creducing the amount of limit in the card d listing the card on more than one network, e. none of the above

Q3.In a MICR cheque, which of the following code does not match the 'description:

a. first 6-digit code - cheque number, b central 09-digit code — city, bank and branch code

c. last 2-digit code — transaction code such as saving or current account, d none of the above*

Q4.The electronic system through which a company or a mutual fund can make payment of dividend to a large number of

shareholders or unit-holders: a MICR b truncation c debit clearing system, d credit clearing system*

Q5.The committee that suggested the cheque truncation system for inter-bank transactions:

a Rangarajan Committee b Shere Committee, c Vasudevan Committee d Saraf Committee*, e. None

Q6.The committee that gave its recommendation for drawing a perspective plan of computerization for the period 1990-94 : a.

Shere Committee, b Narasimham Committee, c. Rangarajan Committee *d Saraf Committee

Q7.The process of transformation of a message into an incomprehensible data through use of mathematical algorithms is

called:a deciphering, b encryption*, c decryption, d coding e.decoding

Q8.The firewall technology is used in connection with:

a hardware safety, b physical safety from fire c authorised access d human safety from fire

e. Protection of computer network from intrusion by hackers*

Q9.Single credit and multiple debits, is the process, in respect of which of the following:

a RTGS b NEFT c ECS-Debit* d ECS-Credit

Q.10 Single debit and multiple credits, Is the process, In respect of which of the following:

a RTGS b NEFT c ECS-Debit d ECS-Credit*

Q.11 Under Money Transfer Service Scheme (MTSS), what is the maximum amount of single inward foreign currency remittance?

(a).USD 10000 (b).USD 5000 (c).USD 2500` (d).USD 1000

Q.12 Under Money Transfer Service Scheme (MTSS), the disbursement in INR cash can be made to beneficiary for an amount up

to: (a).Rs.1 lac (b).Rs.50000` (c). Rs.25000 (d).cash payments are not allowed

Q.13 The prepaid instruments can be issued as (1) smart cards or magnetic stripe cards, (2) internet accounts or internet wallets,

(3) mobile accounts or mobile wallets (4) paper vouchers, which can be used to access the pre-paid amount:

(a) only 1 (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 1 to 3 only (d) 1 to 4 all*

Q.14 The maximum validity period of PPI in the form of Gift instrument can be:

(a) 6 months (b) 12 months (c) 3 years* (d) at discretion of the issuer

Q.15 The minimum validity period of PPI other than in the form of Gift instrument can be:

(a) 6 months *(b) 12 months (c) 3 years (d) at discretion of the issuer

Q16.Up to Rs.___ PPI can be issued by accepting official valid document (OVD) subject to compliance of other conditions:

(a) Rs.10000 (b) Rs.25000 (c) Rs.50000* (d) Rs.1 lac

Q.17 Universal set of standards and guidelines for communication by EDI is called: EDIFACT.

Q.18 Which bank has max share in INFINO PAYTECH Ltd : ICICI Bank

19. NEFT maximum amount: no limit

20. Computer Security Day is observed on : 30th November

21. Maximum compensation by Banking Ombudsman in case of Credit Card : Rs.1 lac

22. Encryption means: Conversion of plain language into secret language, i.e., coding and The extent of coverage under

CGTMSE for Micro units up to Rs 5 lacs is ______: 85% with maximum amount of claim upto Rs 4.25 lacs.

23. E-sahyog portal: by Income Tax

24. Maximum RTGS Charge for Rs.2 lac to 5 lac: Rs.30.00 + service tax

25. What is the maximum amount of fees chargeable if more than 5 transactions are done in a month at other bank’s ATM: Rs

20 per transaction

26. Application under ASBA can be applied for: a) IPO b) Right Issue c) Mutual fund: Ans: All of these.

27. Name the portal that has been launched by the Confederation of All India Traders (CAIT) to promote business-to-business

and trader-to-customer e-commerce transactions and reduce costs. (E-Lala)

28. Name India’s first Social mobile wallet launched by Transerv, a leading digital payments company.

29. Name the programme launched by online market place BankBazaar.com to help the flood affected citizens of Chennai.

(‘One Loan Two Homes’)

30. Buy Now, Pay Later what type of card: Credit Card

https://iibfadda.blogspot.com/2018/06/digital-banking-mcqs.html?m=1

Micro finance recollected

Micro finance 70 recollected questions



Q1.C.rungrajan committee on microfinance

Q2. Breath length and depth meaning.

Q3. Difference between poverty lending approach and financial system approach.

Q4. Microfinance focus on poorest of the poor.

Q5. Nabard and it's role.

Q6. Nationalization of banks and it's purpose.

Q7.IRDP programm substitute the SJGSY program.

Q8.what is facilitater and it's role.

Q9.what is GRT group recognition test and it's purpose.

Q10.one question on Money lenders.

Q11.break even analysis and CPV analysis 3 questions.

Q12.what is microcredit.

Q13.what is microfinance.

Q14. What is sustainability.

Q15 what is BRI bank Ryat Indonesia.

Q16 .what is unit diseas.

Q17.chikola group of Kenya is example of which model.

Q18.Difference between SHG and JLG model

Q19 detailed question on grameen bank model.

 Q20. What is SHG bank linkage model...

Q22. Assumptions of grameen bank model of Bangladesh.

 Q23.diffrence between direct cost indirectcost setupcost and cost of fund.

Q24 .capital=assets-liability.

Q25.for NBFC model minimum networth requires rs.5 crore.

Q26.malegam committee and its recommendation.

Q27.qualifying assets and its significance

Q28.what is most accepted and widely usedmodel of microfinance in india.

 Q29.what is ghostborrower or multiple lending.

Q30.details of BC model.

Q31.what is reckless lending.

Q32. Details of SHG2 model part2.

 Q33. What is refinancing.

Q34. National rural livelihood mission.

 Q35 .Swarn jayanti gramin Swarojgar yojna

Q 36.what is mutual fund.

 Q37. What is merchant banking.

Q38.details of Revolving Fund.

 Q39. Financial inclusion definition and scope.

Q40. What is kyc and it's purpose

Q41 .Illiterate person can open which type of exam.

Q42 .Difference between impact accessment and social performance.

Q43.what is social rating

Q44. What is minimalist and integrated approach.

Q45.what is micro Insurance.

 Q46. Role of SEBI.

 Q47.role of IRDA.

 Q48. What is cash flow statement

.Q49. What is flat rate of interest.

 Q50. What is travel expanses.

 Q51.what is operating expense Ratio.

 Q52. What is asset depricitation.

 Q53 what is accounting stanard 2

. Q54. What is average case load.

Q55. What is Target group.

Q56. What is PAR.

Q57. What is market risk.

Q58. What is bank rate.

Q59.what is reprising risk.

 Q60. What is riskmanagement loop

Q61 what is schedule and nonshedule bank.

Q62. What is human risk.

 Q63.what is operational risk.

Q64.what is merchant banker.

 Q65. What is trading in stock exchange.

 Q66.two questions on mutual fund.

Q67.three question on Break Even Analysis.

Q68. What is regulatory risk.

 Q 69.what is Repayment rate.

 Q70.trust and Trust feed and what NBFC banking Model and what is business Correspondent model (BC Model)...... these All are 70 Recollected Questions of microfinance held on 15 july 2018. best of luck to All

All iibf exams recollected questions link

All IIBF exams recollected questions


https://iibfadda.blogspot.com/search/label/Recollected%20Questions%20for%20%20all%20exams?m=0


All the best for your July 2019 exams

Msme recollected

MSME FOR BANKERS (EXAM DATED 27.04.2019)

1. MSME represent ------- policies of Government of India which emphasized to use foreign exchange for imports etc (Ans: Socio Economic)

2. Objectives of MSME identification which among is not an objective (Page 4 of Text Book)

3. Limitations of MSME. Identify which among is correct (Page 4 of Text Book)

4. The MSME is made important subject in development in (Ans: Worldwide including countries like USA, Japan)

5. The classification of industries is based on different factors. Which among the following is wrong (Ans: Loan Amount)

6. Explanation of export oriented Unit (Ans: Industry that undertakes to export 30% of annual production at the end of third year)

7. Which among the following is not falls in Small Business (Ans: Wholesale Trade)

8. For the transport operator is categorized as MSE, if total vehicle owned does not exceed (Ans: 10)

9. The de reservation of items as per Sec 29 B of Industries act 1951. Find out wrong features (Page 10 of Text Book)

10. Micro Enterprises Manufacturing & service investment criteria (Ans. 25 Lacs & 10 lacs)

11. Which among the following is the example of indirect finance (Ans: MFI lending to co-operatives of producers)

12. Which among the following is not a feature of Sole Proprietary firm (Ans: Income is distinguished for taxation)

13. Mr. Ram a minor turned major on 01.02.2016, who was admitted to a partnership firm during his minority. What is the maximum time before which he can repudiate his liability (Ans: 6 months from date )

14. Which among the following is not a feature of partnership firm (Ans: A partnership firm can be a partner in another firm)

15. Which among the following is a feature of partnership firm (Ans: A partnership firm not require compulsory registration of deed)

16. The usage of common seal is explained in which document. (Ans: Articles of Association)

17. Maximum number of share holders in Private Limited Company is (Ans: 200)

18. Which among the following is not a feature of Public Limited Company (Ans: The shares are freely not transferrable)

19. For getting environmental clearance for the setting up of an enterprises one must (Ans: Obtain clearance from the pollution board)

20. If the ownership of any enterprise is individually or jointly hold by women above 51%, the same is termed as (Ans: Woman Enterprises)

21. The gender discrimination in Market is by (Ans: Differential wage for the same work)

22. Which among the following is not a classification of categories of Women Entrepreneurs (Ans: Literate and illiterate women)

23. Exclusive scheme to provide equity support to women entrepreneurs (Ans: Mahila Udhyam Nidhi)

24. Which among the following is not a supportive measures for Women’s economic activities (Ans: Refer Page ; 24 in text book)

25. MSME DO is earlier known as (Ans; Small industries Development Organization)

26. The development of MSME is a (Ans: State Subject )

27. An industrial undertaking, a company with interests in industry can invest up to _____ in a MSE unit (Ans; 24%)

28. Similarity features identification between LLP & a Private Limited Company (Ans: Refer Page ; 45 in text book)

29. TReDS full form (Ans: Trade Receivables Discounting system )

30. Which among the features pertains to Priority Sector Lending Certificates

31. CERSAI is formed as per the (Ans: SARFAESIA act of 2002)

32. Calculation for maximum CGTMSE coverage available for unit with Rs 30.00 Lacs fund based & 15 Lacs non fund based limit.

33. The current liability is 50000. The current ratio is 2.5. calculate Current asset

34. The CLSS scheme gives subsidy of ( 15% or 0.15)

35. Which among the given option is not a rating agency (Ans; NSIC)

36. Which among the following is give overall guidelines of SIDO (Ans; Directorate of industries)

37. Features of HUDCO. Select the one wrongly explained (Ans: Refer Page ; 61 in text book)

38. Activities of TCO. Which among is correct combination (Ans: Refer Page ; 62 in text book)

39. Which among the following is features of KVIC (Ans: Refer Page ; 63 in text book)

40. The credit limit up to 5 Lacs to be disposed in maximum of (Ans; 2 Weeks)

41. Which among the following is wrongly stated regarding the functions of SIDBI (Ans: Refer Page ; 70 in text book)

42. Major problems faced by MSME in the given option (Ans: Refer Page ; 92 in text book)

43. Which among the following is not a feature for commercial banks or promoting the MSE advance portfolio (Ans: Low NPA)

44. Identify which are the following is bill financing

45. Which among the following is example of post shipment finance (Ans: Refer Page ; 109 in text book)

46. RED Clause LC Feature (Ans: Refer Page ; 111 in text book)

47. Specialized MSME branch (Ans: if advance is 60% MSE portfolio)

48. BCSBI guidelines for MSE regarding acknowledgement of application & issuance of rejection letter with reason

49. Which among the given option is not associated with 5 Cs of the borrower (Ans: CIBIL score )

50. Identify and add the total assets from the given balance sheet component

51. What is the implication and effect in increase of Sundry Debtors or creditors (Ans; Refer Page ; 124 in text book)

52. Maximum Limit of loan that can be sanctioned under Turnover method (Ans: Rs 500.00 Lacs)

53. Factors affecting/determine the working capital limit (Ans: Refer Page ; 138 in text book)

54. Calculation using II method of lending (Ans; Refer Page ; 143 in text book)

55. Overview of Risk features , by way of match the following (Ans: Refer Page ; 145 in text book)

56. Features and requirement of credit rating (Ans: Refer Page ; 148 in text book)

57. Economic benefits of MSME. Identify the features (Ans: Refer Page ; 165 in text book)

58. The common parlance and practices of BDS is (Ans: Operational)

59. Identify the support by BDS (Ans: Refer Page ; 170 in text book)

60. Nature of deficiencies and remedial measures in cluster development (Ans; Refer Page ; 198 in text book)

61. Growth phase of MSE cluster features

62. Role of CDE in the cluster (Ans; Refer Page ; 209 in text book)

63. Why agricultural land is not taken as collateral security for securing the loan

64. Delayed payment of the bill raised by the MSE entrepreneur is compensated by (Ans: 3 times of bank rate announced by RBI)

65. RBI definition of Sick unit

66. Identify which among the following is external cause of sickness (Ans: Power Shortage)

67. When long term source is used for short term uses, the same is amounts to (Ans; Diversion of funds)

68. Feature of an enterprises tending towards sickness (Ans: Refer Page ; 242 in text book)

69. Symptoms of incipient sickness in activity (Ans; Refer Page ; 243 in text book)

70. Explanation of SICK GREY AREA

71. Hand holding stage features (Ans: Refer Page ; 253 in text book)

72. The account of NPA with dues of Rs 2.00 lacs, who will finalize the viability (Ans: Branch manager)

73. Viability criteria (Ans: Refer Page ; 256 in text book)

74. Primary purpose of secured creditors with NPA asset is (Ans; To sell off for the purpose of loan)

75. The 13(2) notice to be given as per SARFAESIA for how many days (Ans: 60 days )

76. Asset Reconstruction companies are registered with (Ans: RBI)

77. The reason for the existence of MFI (Ans: Refer Page ; 273 in text book)

78. Multiple lending and over indebtedness of MFI (Ans: Refer Page ; 276 in text book)

79. Primary Objectives of Mudra Bank (Ans: Refer Page ; 279 in text book)

80. Primary security & Collateral security features

81. Customer DNA means

82. Insolvency & Bankruptcy difference between two

83. Features of Bank’s Board Bureau

84. Impact of WTO agreements in domestic industry (Ans: Refer Page ; 305 in text book)

85. Which sector among the given option is contributing to exports (Ans: Textile)

86. Calculation of Plant & machineries value from given options (Ans: Not to include Jigs, generator sets etc)

87. Which among the following is not a participant of importance/much role in an LC? (Ans: Beneficiaries’ Bank)

88. Explanation of LC, which among the given options is correct

89. Which among is pre shipment finance?

90. Which among the following is not correct for loan sanction in MSME segment (Ans: Compulsory to give collateral free loan till 100 lacs)

CTP recollected

Some of the recollected questions of certified treasury professional exam held on 24/11/2018 3 pm

TT buy/ TT sell bill /buy Bill sell/ TC buy TC /sell Forex card rates of dollar and pound given.

Various forex transaction based questions (5 marks)



 ∆Y= change in the yield of a bond in decimal

V+ = the estimated value of the bond if yield is increased by ∆Y

V- = the estimated value of the bond if yield is decreased by ∆Y

Vo = Initial price of the bond

All these values given

Questions asked: percentage change in price per basis point Change for an increase in yield of delta y etc.



Average percentage price change per basis point change in yield

(5 marks)



 cash inflow and outflow of the repo borrower in a repo transaction

Accured interest for first leg second leg etc (5 marks)



Present value of all coupons 10 years bond coupons payed semi annually.



Apart from black scholes model another famous option pricing model name.

 How options Greek measures the sensitivity of an options price



A decrease in interest rates raises bond prices by more than a corresponding increase in rates lowers price



Money market refers to the market for short term maturities upto 1 year.



Yield and price of 364 and 91 days treasury bill.





Given CTP Exam today (24/11/18) 10.00 Slot. Next heading toward FRM & Certified Bank trainer. In today CTP exam, Case Study Questions (5Q ) were from Repo Transaction, T Bills, TT Buying & Bills Buying rates, option price calculations, Bond yield & price calculations, option greeks & duration. Then individual questions (1 - 2Q) from CP, SI,CI, option pricing models, forex valuation, dealers code of conduct, etc.

International trade finance

Trade finance recollected questions::

2 marks qstn from ecgc,export promotion capital goods scheme. exim ,lc, eefc, urr725 ,pcfc
1 marks from forfating, factoring, pre and post shipment ,Fedai dutydrawback urc522 heckscher ohlin theory buyers and suppliers credit forward contract , lc., channel financing merchanting trade as well these topics in .5 marks qstn bid bondand performance guarantee currency and credit risk , wharfage documentry credit time period related qstn , status holder starhouse . SEIS , liberalized remittance . NEIA (national export insurance account), ssp, src. Scp related to ECIE-ST red clause

Digital banking recollected questions

Today july 2019  Digital banking recollected



Aeps

Nach

Upi

Virtual keyboard to safegaurd against keylogger

4 questions on process of chargeback

Nfc technology and RFID

Approx 8-10 question on security of POS terminals

2 que on MDR

What is cash withdrawal through pos called







Many questions were there from BC

, POS,

off us,

 on us transactions,

  pharming attack,

phishing attack,

 ATM skimming,

 business risk,

 memory scrapping,

 jackpotting,

 Financial inclusion,

Dispute Management System,

CTS,

Digital marketing,

 internet banking 2FA

, AEPS,

Keylogger Virtual keyboard,

Pinterest ,

Graffiti,

OOH,

brown level ATM,

 ekyc ,

FI is backed by       

wat is Graffiti.                                               

wat is CRM customer Relationship Management. one questions on fraud in ATM card and Internet banking. wat is RTGS and Next generation RTGS

wat is Rupay Paysecure Solution. Benefits of Rupay Card. wat is NACH and it's Role.                         

ABPS and NACH diffrence. .wat is ASA and KSA. .one question on NFS and EKYC. Offus and OnUs transaction Diffrence. RTGS and NgTGS.                                 

NG rtgs works on ISO 20022. wat is CCIL clearing Corporation of India it's Role and Functions. wat is Diffrence between DVP-lll (Delivery vs payment and Payment Vs Delivey) System..



 Diffrence between Compliance and convenience. masquerading and Cyber mugging.   

wat is Jeckpotting. wat is MILTDOWN and Spectrame. One question on Telebanking. MMID and MPlpin wat Digit MMID 4 Digit                                                               

  wat is giftcard prepaid card and store value card diffrences. .credit and charge card diffrences. .questions on magnetic strip card EMV chipbased card. questuons on what Document requires for Representment in prearbitration process...... operating system hardening is a Application server risk. diffrence between Enduser risk and application server risk. wat is mobile device risk. wat is Identity Theft. Difference between Basic Phishing and Spear phishing. . ......



Digital banking Recollected Questions on 1st July 2018 paper.... 1.cyber mugging 2.Miltdown & Spectrate. 3.what is Jeckpotting in ATM. 4.NPCI.... 5.CCIL one question. 6 .one question on CIA confidentiality Availability and Integrity. 7 .one separete question on only Integrity. 8.what is Plastic card. 9.one question on prepaid card. 10.wat is single purpose and multy purpose Cards. 11.diffrence between credit and charge card. 12.wat are benefit for using virtual key board. 13.diffrence between Emv chip card and Magnetic strip cards. 14.diffrence between NFC near feild communication and RFID Radio frequency Identifications...... 15.diffrence between openscheme (4th Party and 3rd party close scheme.....



Digital banking Recollected Questions on 1 July 2018............. 16.one Questions on MDR. 17.diffrence between transaction processing clearing and settlement. 18.one separate question on CTS and Clearing. 19.wat is phishing Pharming and Cyber mugging. 20.one question on Aadhar bridge system for giving Subsidy. 21 which is not a 24*7 system IMPS NPCI UPI or USSD. 22.one question on what is SFMS. 23.diffrence between In Us and Off Is ATM 24.wat is difference between IMPS and IMT. 25.diffrence between CDM ATM and POS





1 July Digital Banking Paper Recollected Questions. 26.diffrence between white and Brown level ATM. 27.diiffrence between Clearing and Settlement process. 28.wat is keystroke Logging and benefits of vitual key board. 29.wat is difference between business Declines and technical Declines. 30.difference between authorization and Settlement process. 31.wat is limit of chargebeck-90 days. 32.one question on prearbiration process and dispute management Collette. 33.one question on smshing and Phishing attack....... 34 diffrence between malware and Torzan. 35.wat is *99*99# and it's benefit. 36 .mobile wallets are prepaid or postpaid. 37.one question on OTP and TWO factor Authonthication process. 38.What is end-user risk. 39.wat is mobile device risk. 40 one question on Spearphishing. 41 .wat is query service on Aadhar Mapper.42.one question on firewell and intrusions detection system. 43.diiffrence between encryption and Decryption. 44.diffrence between GPRS and PSTN POS 45.diffrence between portable and Pooled terminal. 46.one question only on Mobile POS. 47.wat is EKYC and it's benefits. 48.wat is Terminal Management System. 49.wat is Mural-Advertising. 50.wat is OOH out of home.....







Recollected Questions on Digital Banking Paper 1 July. .51.wat is Graffiti. 52.wat is CRM customer Relationship Management. 53.one questions on fraud in ATM card and Internet banking. 54.wat is RTGS and Next generation RTGS 55.wat is Rupay Paysecure Solution. 56.Benefits of Rupay Card. 57.wat is NACH and it's Role. 58.ABPS and NACH diffrence. 59.wat is ASA and KSA. 60.one question on NFS and EKYC. 61. Offus and OnUs transaction Diffrence. 62.RTGS and NgTGS. 63.NG rtgs works on ISO 20022. 64.wat is CCIL clearing Corporation of India it's Role and Functions. 65 .wat is Diffrence between DVP-lll (Delivery vs payment and Payment Vs Delivey) System..



Recollected Questions. 66.diffrence between Compliance and Convenience. 67.masquerading and Cyber mugging. 68.wat is Jeckpotting. 69.wat is MILTDOWN and Spectrame. 70.one question on Telebanking. 71.MMID and MPlpin wat Digit MMID 4 Digit 72.wat is giftcard prepaid card and store value card diffrences. 73.credit and charge card diffrences. 74.questions on magnetic strip card EMV chipbased card. 75.questuons on what Document requires for Representment in prearbitration process...... 76.operating system hardening is a Application server risk. 77.diffrence between Enduser risk and application server risk. 78.wat is mobile device risk. 79.wat is Identity Theft. 80.Difference between Basic Phishing and Spear phishing. . ......



 Q81.what is SSL full form and it's signal turns into which colour green blue Aur Red. Q82.one Drawback of Smishing. Q.83.the process of remain hidden Online is called..... Q.84.what is Back and Access.... Q 86.one question on Cash Advance. Q87.wat is diffrence between VOID and Refund. Q 88.SFMS. Q 89.Encoding deciding Difference.. Q90..wat is Rootkit. Q 91.Social engineering. Q 92.diffrence between IDS and IPS. Q.93.OTP and Two fector Authonthication. Q.94.KeyStroke Loggers

CCP recollected

Ccp 22/06/19 recollected questions shared by members



1.Whether to accept or reject proposal based on the comparison with npv,irr,arr,bcr 5 questions

 2. Cersai registered under which act

3. Question related to rehabilitation

 4. Which is correct for OPC

5.sma related questions -5 question

 6. time period - right of foreclosure , mortgage money related question

7. interest coverage ratio

 8. Find nwc with details of ca, total assets , term liabilities



9.LC one case study 5 questions ,

10 irr -5 questions,

msmed act 5 questions



11. 6 questions on factoring and forfeiting

12.5 questions on TReads scheme.

13. 8questions on NPV and IRR , pay back and interest coverage

14. Ratio analysis: 7 questions.

15. 5 questions on msme rehabilitations.

16. 6 questions on IBC and NCLT

17. Minor related 3 questions

18. LLP, HUF,partnership 4 questions

19 Ltv on hl and edu loan 2 questions

20.priority sector:pmjdy,kcc 3 questions

21 Anbc calculation 5 questions