S.No.
|
Ratio
|
Formula
|
1
|
CURRENT RATIO
|
Current Assets /Current Liabilities
|
2
|
QUICK RATIO
|
(Current Assets – Inventory- prepaid expenses) /
|
Current Liabilities )
| ||
3
|
NET WORKING CAPITAL
|
Current Assets – Current Liabilities
|
(NWC)
| ||
4
|
TANGIBLE NET
|
Net worth – Intangible Assets
|
WORTH(TNW)
| ||
5
|
ADJUSSTED TANGIBLE
|
Tangible Net Worth – Investments in Subsidiary and
|
NET WORTH (ATNW)
|
affiliates
| |
6
|
TOL/TNW
|
Total Out Side Liabilities
|
(Total liabilities – Net worth) /
| ||
Tangible Net Worth
| ||
7
|
TOL/ATNW
|
Total Out Side Liabilities
|
(Total liabilities – Net worth) /
| ||
Adjusted TNW
| ||
8
|
DEBT-EQUITY RATIO
|
Long Term Loans/Net Worth
|
9
|
GROSS DSCR
|
Net Profit + Depreciation + Int. On T/L /
|
T/L Installment + Int. On T/L
| ||
10
|
NET DSCR
|
Net Profit + Depreciation (Cash accruals) /
|
T/L Installment
| ||
11
|
Inventory Velocity
|
Average Inventory/
|
(Holding level) in Days
|
Cost of Sales(Cost of good sold) x 365
| |
12
|
Debtors Velocity (Holding
|
Avg. Trade Debtors/Net Credit Salesx365
|
level) in Days
| ||
13
|
Creditors Velocity (Holding
|
Average Creditors/
|
level) in days
|
Net Credit Purchases X 365
| |
14
|
Holding level for Raw
|
Avg.RM Inventory/
|
Materials
|
Cost of RM consumed x 365
| |
RM Consumed = (Op.RM + RM Purchases – Clg. RM)
| ||
15
|
Holding level for Stock in
|
Avg.SIP Inventory/ Cost of Production x 365
|
process
| ||
16
|
Holding level for F.G.
|
Avg.F.G. Inventory/ Cost of Sales x 365
|
17
|
Operating Cycle Period
|
(Invertory days + Debtors days – Creditors days)
|
18
|
Interest Coverage Ratio
|
PBDIT/INT
|
Monday, 3 February 2020
QUICK RATIOs
BREXIT
BREXIT
The European Union - often known as the EU - is an economic and political partnership involving 28 European countries. It began after World War Two to foster economic co-operation, with the idea that countries which trade together were more likely to avoid going to war with each other.It has since grown to become a "single market" allowing goods and people to move around, basically as if the member states were one country. It has its own currency, the euro, which is used by 19 of the member countries, its own parliament and it now sets rules in a wide range of areas including on the environment, transport, consumer rights and even things such as mobile phone charges.
Brexit is derived from two words: Britain and Exit indicating the exit of Britain from European Union. In June 2016, Britain voted in favour of a referendum to exit the European Union.For the UK to leave the EU it had to invoke Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty which gives the two sides two years to agree the terms of the split. Theresa May triggered this process on 29 March, 2017, meaning the UK is scheduled to leave at 11pm UK time on Friday, 29 March 2019.
The main point of having a deal between the UK and the EU is to ensure as smooth as possible an exit from the EU for businesses and individuals - and to allow time for the two sides to hammer out a permanent trading relationship. If no deal is finalized, it will be called no-deal Brexit
The European Union - often known as the EU - is an economic and political partnership involving 28 European countries. It began after World War Two to foster economic co-operation, with the idea that countries which trade together were more likely to avoid going to war with each other.It has since grown to become a "single market" allowing goods and people to move around, basically as if the member states were one country. It has its own currency, the euro, which is used by 19 of the member countries, its own parliament and it now sets rules in a wide range of areas including on the environment, transport, consumer rights and even things such as mobile phone charges.
Brexit is derived from two words: Britain and Exit indicating the exit of Britain from European Union. In June 2016, Britain voted in favour of a referendum to exit the European Union.For the UK to leave the EU it had to invoke Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty which gives the two sides two years to agree the terms of the split. Theresa May triggered this process on 29 March, 2017, meaning the UK is scheduled to leave at 11pm UK time on Friday, 29 March 2019.
The main point of having a deal between the UK and the EU is to ensure as smooth as possible an exit from the EU for businesses and individuals - and to allow time for the two sides to hammer out a permanent trading relationship. If no deal is finalized, it will be called no-deal Brexit
Sunday, 2 February 2020
Jaiib/caiib 2020 schedule
*Notification for JAIIB/CAIIB Registration - May/June 2020*
---------------------------------------------------------
*JAIIB - REGISTRATION FEES*
----------------------------------------------------------
From 24.02.2020 to 01.03.2020 - Normal Exam fees
From 02.03.2020 to 15.03.2020 - Normal Exam fees plus Rs 100/-
From 16.03.2020 to 22.03.2020 - Normal Exam fees plus Rs 200/-
*JAIIB : EXAM DATES*
-------------------------------------
03-05-2020 - Principles & Practices of Banking
10-05-2020 - Accounting & Finance for Bankers
17-05-2020 - Legal & Regulatory Aspects of Banking
*CAIIB - REGISTRATION FEES*
-----------------------------------------------------
From 01.04.2020 to 07.04.2020 - Normal Exam fees
From 08.04.2020 to 21.04.2020 - Normal Exam fees plus Rs 100/-
From 22.04.2020 to 30.04.2020 - Normal Exam fees plus Rs 200/-
*CAIIB - EXAM DATES*
--------------------------------------
07-06-2020 - Advanced Bank Management
14-06-2020 - Bank Financial Management
21-06-2020 - Elective Paper
---------------------------------------------------------
*JAIIB - REGISTRATION FEES*
----------------------------------------------------------
From 24.02.2020 to 01.03.2020 - Normal Exam fees
From 02.03.2020 to 15.03.2020 - Normal Exam fees plus Rs 100/-
From 16.03.2020 to 22.03.2020 - Normal Exam fees plus Rs 200/-
*JAIIB : EXAM DATES*
-------------------------------------
03-05-2020 - Principles & Practices of Banking
10-05-2020 - Accounting & Finance for Bankers
17-05-2020 - Legal & Regulatory Aspects of Banking
*CAIIB - REGISTRATION FEES*
-----------------------------------------------------
From 01.04.2020 to 07.04.2020 - Normal Exam fees
From 08.04.2020 to 21.04.2020 - Normal Exam fees plus Rs 100/-
From 22.04.2020 to 30.04.2020 - Normal Exam fees plus Rs 200/-
*CAIIB - EXAM DATES*
--------------------------------------
07-06-2020 - Advanced Bank Management
14-06-2020 - Bank Financial Management
21-06-2020 - Elective Paper
Saturday, 1 February 2020
Budget 2020
*Budget 2020 key highlights*
* GST bring synergy in logistics sector (20% time reduction)
* 60 lakhs new taxpayers added via GST introduction
* New simplified GST returns from April 2020
* FDI elevated during period 2014-2019 to $284bn
* Central government debt reduced to 48.7% of GDP in 2019
* 16 points action plan for agricultural & irrigation sector under aspirational India
* New Education Policy will be announced soon
* ECB and FDI will open in education sector
* Degree level full fledged online programs to be started
* National Police University & Forensic university is proposed to be set up
* INR 99,300 cr proposed for education sector
* Investment clearance cell to be set up to facilitate investments and to provide advisory at State as well as Centre level
* 5 new smart cities to be developed
* Move to develop each district an export hub
* INR 27,300 cr for promotion of industry & commerce
* National logistics policy to be released soon
* Digital refund of duties to exporter
* Setting up of solar panels on barren lands
* More Tejas types train to be introduced to connect iconic cities
* 100 more Airports to be developed by 2024
* Proposed to states to replace old electric meters to the smart pre-paid electric meters. This will give flexibility to consumer to choose service provider.
* INR 22,000 cr proposed for power & renewal energy sector
* Private sectors to built data centre parks throughout the country, policy may come soon
* INR 6,000 cr proposed for 'Bharat Net'
* Funding for ideation and start up
* INR 28,600 cr proposed in this budget specific to women
* Proposed to set up Indian Institute of Heritage & culture as a deemed university
* 5 Archeological sites would be developed as iconic sites with onsite museums
* Setting up of Tribal Museum in Ranchi, Jharkhand
* INR 2,500 cr proposed for development of Tourism sector
* Taxpayer's charter to be a part of statute to build confidence/trust
* Government will ensure that citizens need not worry about tax harassment. There is a debate on building criminal liabilites for civil acts. Companies Act will be amended to correct this
* India to host G20 presidency in 2022; INR 100 cr allocated for preparation
* Robust mechanism is in place to monitor health of all scheduled banks
* Insurance cover for deposits increased from INR 1 lakh to 5 lakh
* Universal pension coverage with auto enrollment to be introduced (through PFRDI) to every person
* Invoice financing by NBFCs to MSME sector - Amendments to be made in Factoring Act
* Certain amendments to be made in SARFESI Act
* Non residents can invest in certain Government securities
* Liquidity constraints of NBFCs & HFCs will be addressed - Government has taken steps from last year
* International Buillion exchange to be setup in GIFT IFSC
* LIC initial public offer will come to list on stock exchange; Government will sell part of its holding
*Part-B - Tax Proposals*
* Personal income tax - proposed to bring new income-tax regime for individual Taxpayer's
New slab rate (without exemption)
10% - income 5 - 7.5 lakhs
15% - 7.5 - 10 lakhs
20% - 10 - 12.5 lakhs
25% - 12.5 - 15 lakhs
30% - Above 15 lakhs
Income upto 5 lakhs no tax, says FM
* if individual ears income of 15 lakhs then tax would be 1.95 lakh vis-a-vis 2.73 lakhs as earlier
* New scheme of individual tax rates is optional
* FM says - reviewed all existing income tax exemptions and removed 70 of them in new regime and will review remaining and rationalize
* Propose to remove DDT and dividend would be taxable in the hands of shareholders; removal of cascading effect of dividend distributed by holding to subsidiary (25k cr revenues forgone on account of DDT abolishion)
* Concessional tax rate for electricity/power generation companies
* 100% tax exemption on new investment by foreign funds in infrastructure sector by 2024 with a minimum lock in period of 3 years
* ESOPs given by startups to employees currently taxed as perquisites; deffering of tax payment by employees to 5 years
* Increase in turnover limit from 25 cr to 100 cr for startups
* Deduction can be claimed by startups upto 10 years
* Tax audit turnover threshold limit increased from 1 cr to 5 cr
* Concessional 5% withholding tax has been extended to municipal bonds. Cooperatives are taxed at 30 percent now. Cooperatives can choose a 22 percent tax with 10 percent surcharge and 4 percent cess with no exemptions.
* Complete online registration of charitable institutions
* Faceless appeals on the line of faceless assessment
* Vivad se Vishwas Scheme introduced - New direct tax dispute settlement scheme
* More than 4.83 lakhs cases pending at various forums
* Taxpayer's need to pay only disputed amount of tax (no penalty be charged) by March 2020; scheme will be available till June 2020 but some additional payment to made in-addition to tax
* CBDT to adopt Taxpayer's charter
* PAN shall be instantly allotted on the basis of Aadhar without any filling up of form
* Personal interface with tax administrators will be at minimum level
* GST reforms will continue including a simplified return-filling form. FM says, refund has been simplified and has been fully automated.
* GST bring synergy in logistics sector (20% time reduction)
* 60 lakhs new taxpayers added via GST introduction
* New simplified GST returns from April 2020
* FDI elevated during period 2014-2019 to $284bn
* Central government debt reduced to 48.7% of GDP in 2019
* 16 points action plan for agricultural & irrigation sector under aspirational India
* New Education Policy will be announced soon
* ECB and FDI will open in education sector
* Degree level full fledged online programs to be started
* National Police University & Forensic university is proposed to be set up
* INR 99,300 cr proposed for education sector
* Investment clearance cell to be set up to facilitate investments and to provide advisory at State as well as Centre level
* 5 new smart cities to be developed
* Move to develop each district an export hub
* INR 27,300 cr for promotion of industry & commerce
* National logistics policy to be released soon
* Digital refund of duties to exporter
* Setting up of solar panels on barren lands
* More Tejas types train to be introduced to connect iconic cities
* 100 more Airports to be developed by 2024
* Proposed to states to replace old electric meters to the smart pre-paid electric meters. This will give flexibility to consumer to choose service provider.
* INR 22,000 cr proposed for power & renewal energy sector
* Private sectors to built data centre parks throughout the country, policy may come soon
* INR 6,000 cr proposed for 'Bharat Net'
* Funding for ideation and start up
* INR 28,600 cr proposed in this budget specific to women
* Proposed to set up Indian Institute of Heritage & culture as a deemed university
* 5 Archeological sites would be developed as iconic sites with onsite museums
* Setting up of Tribal Museum in Ranchi, Jharkhand
* INR 2,500 cr proposed for development of Tourism sector
* Taxpayer's charter to be a part of statute to build confidence/trust
* Government will ensure that citizens need not worry about tax harassment. There is a debate on building criminal liabilites for civil acts. Companies Act will be amended to correct this
* India to host G20 presidency in 2022; INR 100 cr allocated for preparation
* Robust mechanism is in place to monitor health of all scheduled banks
* Insurance cover for deposits increased from INR 1 lakh to 5 lakh
* Universal pension coverage with auto enrollment to be introduced (through PFRDI) to every person
* Invoice financing by NBFCs to MSME sector - Amendments to be made in Factoring Act
* Certain amendments to be made in SARFESI Act
* Non residents can invest in certain Government securities
* Liquidity constraints of NBFCs & HFCs will be addressed - Government has taken steps from last year
* International Buillion exchange to be setup in GIFT IFSC
* LIC initial public offer will come to list on stock exchange; Government will sell part of its holding
*Part-B - Tax Proposals*
* Personal income tax - proposed to bring new income-tax regime for individual Taxpayer's
New slab rate (without exemption)
10% - income 5 - 7.5 lakhs
15% - 7.5 - 10 lakhs
20% - 10 - 12.5 lakhs
25% - 12.5 - 15 lakhs
30% - Above 15 lakhs
Income upto 5 lakhs no tax, says FM
* if individual ears income of 15 lakhs then tax would be 1.95 lakh vis-a-vis 2.73 lakhs as earlier
* New scheme of individual tax rates is optional
* FM says - reviewed all existing income tax exemptions and removed 70 of them in new regime and will review remaining and rationalize
* Propose to remove DDT and dividend would be taxable in the hands of shareholders; removal of cascading effect of dividend distributed by holding to subsidiary (25k cr revenues forgone on account of DDT abolishion)
* Concessional tax rate for electricity/power generation companies
* 100% tax exemption on new investment by foreign funds in infrastructure sector by 2024 with a minimum lock in period of 3 years
* ESOPs given by startups to employees currently taxed as perquisites; deffering of tax payment by employees to 5 years
* Increase in turnover limit from 25 cr to 100 cr for startups
* Deduction can be claimed by startups upto 10 years
* Tax audit turnover threshold limit increased from 1 cr to 5 cr
* Concessional 5% withholding tax has been extended to municipal bonds. Cooperatives are taxed at 30 percent now. Cooperatives can choose a 22 percent tax with 10 percent surcharge and 4 percent cess with no exemptions.
* Complete online registration of charitable institutions
* Faceless appeals on the line of faceless assessment
* Vivad se Vishwas Scheme introduced - New direct tax dispute settlement scheme
* More than 4.83 lakhs cases pending at various forums
* Taxpayer's need to pay only disputed amount of tax (no penalty be charged) by March 2020; scheme will be available till June 2020 but some additional payment to made in-addition to tax
* CBDT to adopt Taxpayer's charter
* PAN shall be instantly allotted on the basis of Aadhar without any filling up of form
* Personal interface with tax administrators will be at minimum level
* GST reforms will continue including a simplified return-filling form. FM says, refund has been simplified and has been fully automated.
Union budget 2020 Direct tax reforms
*Union Budget 2020*
* Proposed Direct Tax Reforms*
* New Simplified Personal Income Tax Regime for Individual Tax Payers
• no deduction or exemption
• 5-7.5 Lakhs - 10 %
• 7.5 - 10 Lakhs - 15 %
• 10 - 12.5 Lakhs - 20 %
• 12.5 - 15 Lakhs - 25 %
• Above 15 Lakhs - 30 %
• optional for tax payers
• simplified income tax return
• removal of 70 deductions
* Dividend Distribution Tax on companies removed and dividend to be taxed in hands of the recipient.
* 15% concessional rate of corporate tax extended to Power Sector
* Foreign Investment encouraged by extending lower withholding tax rate to interest on various securities in respect of foreign investment
* Start ups provided with more income tax benefits
* Cooperative societies provided an option to be taxed at 22 % with no exemption
* Tax Audit threshold increased to 5 crores if less than 5 % turnover is in cash
* New Charitable Institution registration process to be completely electronic
* Faceless Appeals to be enabled in lines of faceless assessments
* Vivaad se Vishvash
• no Dispute but Trust Scheme
• Direct Tax Dispute Resolution
• payment of all taxes will lead to waiver of penalty and interest
• applicable for all pending appeals at all levels
* PAN to be allotted instantly on basis on Adhar
* Proposed Direct Tax Reforms*
* New Simplified Personal Income Tax Regime for Individual Tax Payers
• no deduction or exemption
• 5-7.5 Lakhs - 10 %
• 7.5 - 10 Lakhs - 15 %
• 10 - 12.5 Lakhs - 20 %
• 12.5 - 15 Lakhs - 25 %
• Above 15 Lakhs - 30 %
• optional for tax payers
• simplified income tax return
• removal of 70 deductions
* Dividend Distribution Tax on companies removed and dividend to be taxed in hands of the recipient.
* 15% concessional rate of corporate tax extended to Power Sector
* Foreign Investment encouraged by extending lower withholding tax rate to interest on various securities in respect of foreign investment
* Start ups provided with more income tax benefits
* Cooperative societies provided an option to be taxed at 22 % with no exemption
* Tax Audit threshold increased to 5 crores if less than 5 % turnover is in cash
* New Charitable Institution registration process to be completely electronic
* Faceless Appeals to be enabled in lines of faceless assessments
* Vivaad se Vishvash
• no Dispute but Trust Scheme
• Direct Tax Dispute Resolution
• payment of all taxes will lead to waiver of penalty and interest
• applicable for all pending appeals at all levels
* PAN to be allotted instantly on basis on Adhar
Monday, 27 January 2020
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise
"Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise," runs the proverb. We must have full sleep before we apply ourselves to our daily work. Oversleep is as harmful to our health as under sleeping is.
A man who goes to bed late must rise late. A man who gets up early is sure to have an advantage over others who get up late. Getting up late means hurrying through everything-no bathing but only dry cleaning, not eating and chewing food properly but only bolting it.
Early morning hours are the freshest and the quietest. The atmosphere is calm and free from dust. The rays of the morning sun are particularly good for health and only an early riser can take advantage of it. Early rising makes a man smart, and active.
Exercise and deep breathing in the fresh morning air give new life and energy. They act as tonic. Nature is quiet. Peace and quietness of Nature impart peace to the soul. One instinctively feels that there is a bond of union between Nature's heart and that of man.
Nature presents a very charming and lovely view in the morning. The freshly blossomed flowers, the pearly dew drops on the grass and chirping of the birds enliven the mind. Apart from this, one can begin one's day's work early and finish it early.
In cities, life has become artificial. Modern science has provided means of keeping late hours, so people in towns generally go to bed late. Activity in all spheres of life goes on till late hours. Mills and factories work non-stop. Traffic keep plying throughout the night. So people in towns go to bed late and rise late. This has led man to all sorts of diseases and ailments.
In villages, life is not so complex. It is more or less natural. People go to bed early and rise early. Moreover, their work is such as requires early rising. A farmer must get up early to plough his field or milk his cows and buffaloes. The farmer's wife must rise early to grind corn or to churn milk. The washerman must rise early to wash the clothes.
Early rising is not so difficult as it seems. It is all a question of determination and realization of grate benefits of early rising. Once you get used to it, you will find it difficult to do without it. Even in the severest winter you will not need a great effort to come out of your warm bed.
If a farmer begins to plough his fields, a traveller starts on his Journey, or a labourer begins his work, while the others are still asleep, he finishes his task much ahead of them, besides, he can do much more than the others. The fact that one has already done a portion of one's work before others have started to do theirs, gives one a peculiar sense of confidence and satisfaction.
Early morning is the best time of the day for students and other intellectual workers to go about their work. They are fresh after the night's rest, and there is not much noise at this time to disturb them.
When a man is healthy and wealthy, he automatically grows wise. A man who can put in work can learn any trade. It is by using one's hands and brain that one grows wise. A man grows wise by work and experience. An idle man remains a fool all his life.
Sunday, 26 January 2020
Mortgage
Mortgage
1.Mortgage is defined in Section 58 of the Transfer of Property Act.
2. Mortgage is the transfer of interest in a specific immovable property, for the purpose of securing an existing or future debt or
for the performance of an engagement which may give rise to a pecuniary liability. The person creating the mortgage is called as
the mortgagor and the person in whose favour mortgage is created (bank) is called as the mortgagee.
3. Immovable property, means land and things attached or permanently fastened to the earth.
4. Types of Mortgage: There are six types of mortgages namely (i) Simple Mortgage (ii) Mortgage by Conditional Sale (iii)
Usufructuary Mortgage (iv) English Mortgage (v) Mortgage by Deposit of title Deeds (Equitable Mortgage) and (vi). Anamalous
Mortgage. Of these, all • mortgages except Equitable Mortgage require registration with the Registrar of Assurances.
5. Registered Mortgage: In the case of registered mortgage (also called legal mortgage) first a mortgage deed is written which is
stamped as per Stamp Act of the concerned state. The deed is then executed in the presence of two witnesses. Thereafter, in
terms of the Indian Registration Act 1908, it is to be registered with the Registrar of Assurances (Sub Registrar) within 4 months of
the execution.
6. Simple Mortgage: In simple mortgage the mortgagor makes himself personally liable to pay the debt and agrees that in the
event of failing to pay according to his contract, mortgagee can get the property sold through the intervention of the court. If after
sale of property some debt is still outstanding, the borrower shall be- personally liable for the outstanding amount. Neither the
possession nor ownership of the property is transferred to the mortgagee. The mortgagee cannot exercise the right of foreclosure.
7. Mortgage by Conditional Sale: The mortgagor ostensibly sells the property to the mortgagee upon the condition that if the
debt is paid in time the property will be transferred back to him and in case of nonpayment within the specified time the
transaction would become a real sale. There is no personal liability of the mortgagor. In case of default, the mortgagee can exercise
his right of foreclosure through court.
8. Usufructuary Mortgage: In this mortgage, possession of the property is transferred to the mortgagee. The mortgage money is
recovered through income of the mortgaged property. There is no personal liability of mortgagor.
9. English Mortgage: As in the case of simple mortgage, the mortgagor undertakes personal liability to pay the debt. He transfers
the ownership of mortgaged property to the mortgagee upon a condition that property must be transferred back to him on
payment of debt. Mortgagee can sell the mortgaged property even without the intervention of court.
Equitable Mortgage
1. Equitable Mortgage is called as Mortgage by Deposit of Title Deeds.
2. It can be created by mere deposit of title deeds of property with intention to borrow.
3 a.Title deeds should be deposited at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai ( Presidency Towns) or any other town notified by the State
Government in this regard. It is not necessary that the title deeds should be deposited with the branch or at the place where the
loan is being raised.
3 b.These can be deposited anywhere in India at a notified place.
it is not necessary that it should be within bank branch premises. Mortgagor can deliver the title deeds to an authorized
representative of the bank at mortgagor's residence or other place provided it is in a Notified Centre.
4. The property to be mortgaged may be located anywhere in India (For example, for property located in Delhi, title deeds can be
deposited at Chennai.
5. Equitable Mortgage does not require registration with Registrar of Assurances. But in case of a limited company, charge in
yespect of equitable mortgage under Section 125 of the Companies Act, 1956 must be registered with Registrar of Companies.
6. A title deed can be a sale deed, lease deed, partition deed, gift deed, deed of assignment, deed of relinquishment, or such
other documents. Agreement to sale is not a title deed.
7. Normally a bank should insist for original title deeds but in exceptional cases equitable mortgage can be. created even by
certified copy of the title deeds.
8. Property located in cantonment areas should not be accepted for equitable mortgage, without clearance from cantonment
authorities.
10.The bank should not part with the title deeds even for a short duration at the request of the mortgagor because if some other
creditor is induced to finance on the basis of title deeds, the bank may Lose priority over the mortgaged property.
11. No registration with Registrar of Assurance is required. For a company, registration with ROC within 30 days is required u/s
87 of Companies Act 2013. Under SARFAESI Act, registration with CERSAI.
12.Deposit can take place within Municipal limits of Presidency Towns (Kolkata, Chennai or Mumbai) or State Govt. Notified Towns.
It is not necessary that the place for deposit of title.deeds, should be bank branch premises
Legal Opinion and Search Report: Before accepting mortgage of immovable property, legal opinion should be
obtained that the property is fit for mortgage and search should be conducted in the records of Registrar /Sub
Registrar for at least 12 years to ensure that the property is free from prior encumbrance.
Priority of Mortgage: The priority of the mortgage is considered from the date of execution of the mortgage deed (in the case of
registered mortgage) or from the date of creation of mortgage by deposit of title deeds and not with reference to the type of
mortgage or date of registration.
Right of Redemption: Right of the mortgagor to get back his mortgaged property on repayment of the loan, is called as the right of
redemption. This is available in all types of mortgages.
Right of foreclosure: The right of the mortgagee to deny the mortgagor of the property to exercise his right of redemption i.e.
debarring the mortgagor for ever to get back the mortgaged property is called as the right of foreclosure. This right is available to
the mortgagee in case of mortgage by conditional sale.
1.Mortgage is defined in Section 58 of the Transfer of Property Act.
2. Mortgage is the transfer of interest in a specific immovable property, for the purpose of securing an existing or future debt or
for the performance of an engagement which may give rise to a pecuniary liability. The person creating the mortgage is called as
the mortgagor and the person in whose favour mortgage is created (bank) is called as the mortgagee.
3. Immovable property, means land and things attached or permanently fastened to the earth.
4. Types of Mortgage: There are six types of mortgages namely (i) Simple Mortgage (ii) Mortgage by Conditional Sale (iii)
Usufructuary Mortgage (iv) English Mortgage (v) Mortgage by Deposit of title Deeds (Equitable Mortgage) and (vi). Anamalous
Mortgage. Of these, all • mortgages except Equitable Mortgage require registration with the Registrar of Assurances.
5. Registered Mortgage: In the case of registered mortgage (also called legal mortgage) first a mortgage deed is written which is
stamped as per Stamp Act of the concerned state. The deed is then executed in the presence of two witnesses. Thereafter, in
terms of the Indian Registration Act 1908, it is to be registered with the Registrar of Assurances (Sub Registrar) within 4 months of
the execution.
6. Simple Mortgage: In simple mortgage the mortgagor makes himself personally liable to pay the debt and agrees that in the
event of failing to pay according to his contract, mortgagee can get the property sold through the intervention of the court. If after
sale of property some debt is still outstanding, the borrower shall be- personally liable for the outstanding amount. Neither the
possession nor ownership of the property is transferred to the mortgagee. The mortgagee cannot exercise the right of foreclosure.
7. Mortgage by Conditional Sale: The mortgagor ostensibly sells the property to the mortgagee upon the condition that if the
debt is paid in time the property will be transferred back to him and in case of nonpayment within the specified time the
transaction would become a real sale. There is no personal liability of the mortgagor. In case of default, the mortgagee can exercise
his right of foreclosure through court.
8. Usufructuary Mortgage: In this mortgage, possession of the property is transferred to the mortgagee. The mortgage money is
recovered through income of the mortgaged property. There is no personal liability of mortgagor.
9. English Mortgage: As in the case of simple mortgage, the mortgagor undertakes personal liability to pay the debt. He transfers
the ownership of mortgaged property to the mortgagee upon a condition that property must be transferred back to him on
payment of debt. Mortgagee can sell the mortgaged property even without the intervention of court.
Equitable Mortgage
1. Equitable Mortgage is called as Mortgage by Deposit of Title Deeds.
2. It can be created by mere deposit of title deeds of property with intention to borrow.
3 a.Title deeds should be deposited at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai ( Presidency Towns) or any other town notified by the State
Government in this regard. It is not necessary that the title deeds should be deposited with the branch or at the place where the
loan is being raised.
3 b.These can be deposited anywhere in India at a notified place.
it is not necessary that it should be within bank branch premises. Mortgagor can deliver the title deeds to an authorized
representative of the bank at mortgagor's residence or other place provided it is in a Notified Centre.
4. The property to be mortgaged may be located anywhere in India (For example, for property located in Delhi, title deeds can be
deposited at Chennai.
5. Equitable Mortgage does not require registration with Registrar of Assurances. But in case of a limited company, charge in
yespect of equitable mortgage under Section 125 of the Companies Act, 1956 must be registered with Registrar of Companies.
6. A title deed can be a sale deed, lease deed, partition deed, gift deed, deed of assignment, deed of relinquishment, or such
other documents. Agreement to sale is not a title deed.
7. Normally a bank should insist for original title deeds but in exceptional cases equitable mortgage can be. created even by
certified copy of the title deeds.
8. Property located in cantonment areas should not be accepted for equitable mortgage, without clearance from cantonment
authorities.
10.The bank should not part with the title deeds even for a short duration at the request of the mortgagor because if some other
creditor is induced to finance on the basis of title deeds, the bank may Lose priority over the mortgaged property.
11. No registration with Registrar of Assurance is required. For a company, registration with ROC within 30 days is required u/s
87 of Companies Act 2013. Under SARFAESI Act, registration with CERSAI.
12.Deposit can take place within Municipal limits of Presidency Towns (Kolkata, Chennai or Mumbai) or State Govt. Notified Towns.
It is not necessary that the place for deposit of title.deeds, should be bank branch premises
Legal Opinion and Search Report: Before accepting mortgage of immovable property, legal opinion should be
obtained that the property is fit for mortgage and search should be conducted in the records of Registrar /Sub
Registrar for at least 12 years to ensure that the property is free from prior encumbrance.
Priority of Mortgage: The priority of the mortgage is considered from the date of execution of the mortgage deed (in the case of
registered mortgage) or from the date of creation of mortgage by deposit of title deeds and not with reference to the type of
mortgage or date of registration.
Right of Redemption: Right of the mortgagor to get back his mortgaged property on repayment of the loan, is called as the right of
redemption. This is available in all types of mortgages.
Right of foreclosure: The right of the mortgagee to deny the mortgagor of the property to exercise his right of redemption i.e.
debarring the mortgagor for ever to get back the mortgaged property is called as the right of foreclosure. This right is available to
the mortgagee in case of mortgage by conditional sale.
Thursday, 23 January 2020
MSME
ABCD OF MSME :::: Excellent Content plz read everybody..
1.Keynote address delivered by Shri S. S. Mundra, Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India at the 2nd CII
National Conference on MSME Funding held in New Delhi on August 23, 2016 ).
Thank you for inviting me to deliver the keynote address at this second edition of the Conference on
MSME Funding. I compliment the CII for having chosen a very relevant theme for the Conference
‘Propelling MSME Growth through Enhanced Financial Access and Support’. The theme lays emphasis on
two crucial pillars that are pertinent for the sector i.e. enhancing financial access and ensuring adequate
support to enable MSMEs to attain faster growth.
2.It is universally recognized that small businesses are the best vehicles for generate jobs. A IFC
/Mckinsey Study has estimated worldwide MSME population at 420 to 510 million, of which 360 to 440
million alone, are in emerging markets. The report also estimates that the formal SMEs contribute up to
45 percent of total employment and up to 33 percent of national income (GDP) in emerging economies
and these numbers could be significantly higher when informal SMEs are included. The Asia SME Finance
Monitor 2014 published by the Asian Development Bank has estimated that 96% of all enterprises in the
Asian region fall under the MSME category, absorb close to 2/3rd of the working force and contribute to
about 42 % of GDP.
3. According to MSME Ministry’s Annual Report for 2015-16, MSME sector in India today is a network of 51
million enterprises providing employment to 117.1 million persons and contributing 37.5 per cent of
India’s GDP2
. The development of this sector is, therefore, crucial in generating significant levels of
employment across the country, more so since we have a large young and educated population which is
on lookout for employment.
MSME – Significance beyond job creation
4. While job creation is certainly critical, small businesses play a far greater role than just providing
employment. Let me state two key contributions of MSME sector here.
5.One, the MSME sector is a nursery for entrepreneurship and a school for innovation. Countless medium
and large corporates in India have evolved out of being micro and small sometime in not so distant past. I
am sure many in the audience here, who own fairly large businesses today, would have cut their teeth in
business through the route of micro and small enterprises.
6. Secondly, MSME sector is crucial for the success of the national agenda of Financial Inclusion. Let me
explain. Normally, when we talk about financial inclusion, we do so largely from the perspective of an
individual or at best a household. However, to my mind, universal financial inclusion cannot be considered
to have been achieved unless it is ensured that the micro and small businesses are financially included.
Credits to these small family run or individual run entities from the formal financial channels would make
these businesses sustainable and help them move out of poverty and propel them to a better quality of
life.
7. The surmise that I am trying to drive at is that if this is the sector that is the bulwark for such criticaldevelopmental paradigms, there are compelling enough reasons for all stakeholders- be they the
Associations, the Financial Institutions, the regulators or the Government, to put all their might together
in a convergent fashion so that the right environment is created to propel growth of MSMEs in our
country.
8. For achieving this objective, there is a need to create an ecosystem which can facilitate handholding
and nurturing of MSME units particularly at the nascent stages. Also, there is a need to eliminate a host of
impediments – of permits, of inspections, of red tape and provide a set of enablers – skill development,
infrastructure, markets, technology etc. However, of all the enablers, probably none is more important
than Credit. The IFC/Mckinsey has estimated the credit gap for formal and informal MSMEs worldwide at
around $ 3.9 trillion globally, of which $2.1 to 2.6 trillion is in emerging markets.
The ABCD of Credit
9. As I said, credit is perhaps the most critical component for MSME entrepreneurs. Provision for Credit is
essentially dependent on four pivotal issues which I would call ‘ABCD’ of credit. Let me take you through
each of them and also explain what we are doing to iron out these issues.
a) The Á of Credit –Access/Availability
10. The 4th All India survey of MSMEs states that close to 90 per cent of MSMEs are dependent on
informal sources, which by any standards is a worrisome figure. Since that survey, some headway must
have been made in improving MSMEs’ access to formal financial channels; however, it still remains a
challenge. The public sector banks today have close to 3000 specialized branches which specialize in
lending to MSME units. Private sector banks have built up products and processes, which enable quick
disbursal of loans. Most banks have switched over to centralized credit sanctioning, which enables better
turnaround time. Many others have increased the credit limits to the field level functionaries. While these
steps have improved access, there is still a huge unmet demand for credit for MSMEs. (There is a total
finance requirement of INR 32.5 trillion ($650 billion) in the MSME sector, which comprises of INR 26
trillion ($ 520 Billion) of debt demand and INR 6.5 trillion ($130 Billion) of equity demand).As per
provisional data for period ended March 2016, total outstanding loan of the banking system to MSME
sector stood at around 11.1 trillion rupees in 20.6 million loan accounts. Contrast this to the estimated
need of INR 26 trillion and number of MSMEs at 51 million.
11. An important piece of the problem is adequacy of banking outlets. Small entrepreneurs are spread
across remote locations in the country where physical bank branches are not available. Also, the banking
correspondent mechanism is yet to mature to a level where they can play a key role in credit disbursal.
Second and perhaps a more import dimension is availability of credit at a time when it is required by the
entrepreneur. Ability of small entrepreneurs to withstand life cycle shocks is extremely limited and hence
availability of timely credit becomes critical for their survival. The formal financial system, due to a variety
of reasons, which may include cumbersome procedures, lack of understanding of the business model,
inability of the entrepreneur to meet the requirements of the banks etc., is unable to meet this immediate
need of the entrepreneur.
b) ‘B’- Banks and Business
12. ‘B’ in the ‘ABCD’ paradigm of credit fundamentally refers to the information asymmetry between the
two Bs – Banks and Business.
The United States Agency for International Development (2009) defines a financially literate SME
owner/manager as “someone who knows what are the most suitable financing and financial management
options for his/her business at the various growth stages of his/her business; knows where to obtain the
most suitable products and services; and interacts with confidence with the suppliers of these products
and services. He/she is familiar with the legal and regulatory framework and his/her rights and recourse
options.”
13.I don’t think that majority of the MSME entrepreneurs in the country today meet the criterion.
Financial literacy in the context of a MSME focuses on an individual’s ability to translate financial literacy
concepts to business needs. Financial literacy is essential for effective money management and low levels
of financial literacy hinder the understanding of available financial products and services. MSE
entrepreneurs are also constrained by lack of operational skills, accounting and finance acumen, business
planning etc. which underscores a need for facilitation by banks/other agencies.
14. However, it is not a one way street. Large-scale retirements in banks in recent years have also
adversely impacted the collective skill-sets available at the field level in understanding, appraising and
monitoring the MSME loan portfolio. The poor underwriting skills leads to avoidable under or ovefinancing, which can have a telling effect on the health of the MSME units, particularly in adverse life cycle
situations.
c) ‘C’- Collateral Requirements
15. The formal financial institutions particularly banks consider lending to MSMEs as highly risky since the
entrepreneurs often do not possess adequate collateral to support the credit. Very often, the loans are
rejected, despite the project prima facie, being feasible. While there are several dispensations to tide over
the problem, the credit culture has not matured enough to a level existing in developed economies where
lending is done against the assets of the firm including its movable assets. This also necessitates that we
build up strong financial infrastructure, which would support the banks in lending to these sectors without
worries and using all types of assets available to secure the loan. It is also pertinent for banks to realise
that though the loan to the individual entities in the sector may be riskier on a solo basis, overall on a
portfolio level, these are less vulnerable than loans to corporate.
d) ‘D’- Documentation
16. Many of the MSMEs, particularly the Micro units, do not have adequate documentation to match the
rigours of a formal financial system. Absence of documentation drives the small entrepreneurs to informal
sources that are willing to provide credit with minimum documentation. Further, a vast majority of the
MSMEs are informal, which brings down the credit score of the entrepreneur and hinders the ability of the
formal financial system to lend to them. Banks, on their part will need to leverage on modern technology
algorithms and Big data so that they can differentiate between a good borrower and a not so good one
even in the absence of conventional documentation.
17. Having analysed various impediments in finance to the sector let me dwell on some of the steps
taken by RBI, Government of India and other Apex institutions in bridging these gaps.
(i) Access/ Availability
RBI has initiated several measures to improve the availability of banking services, especially in the rural
and far-flung areas where access to formal finance is arduous.
18. New institutions: As you are aware, two new universal banks have started operations while in-
principle approval has been granted to 10 entities to set up Small Finance Banks that would primarily
focus on lending to unserved and underserved sections including small business units, small and marginal
farmers, micro and small industries and unorganized
sector entities. These small finance banks have been mandated to extend 75 per cent of its Adjusted Net
Bank Credit (ANBC) to the sectors eligible for classification as priority sector lending (PSL) by the Reserve
Bank. At least 50 per cent of its loan portfolio should constitute loans and advances of up to Rs. 25 lakh.
Many of the SFBs have prior experience of working with small businesses as MFIs/NBFCs and we believe
that they will be able to bring in technology backed innovative last mile practices to serve their
customers.
19. Increased branch penetration/ Specialized branches: RBI has advised banks to set up ‘brick and
mortar’ branches in villages with population of more than 5000 in a phased manner. Coupled with a more
mature Banking Correspondent mechanism, this would give considerable fillip in meeting the banking
needs of the MSMEs particularly in rural areas. Besides, creating presence of physical branch, there is
also a need to have large number of bank officials with appropriate skill sets and knowledge to handle
the life cycle needs of the small businesses. Already, Public Sector banks have established specialized
MSME branches in every district to cater to the needs of the small businesses. We are already working
towards improving the skill sets and entrepreneurial sensitivity of the field level functionaries.
20. P2P lending: New players have entered the MSME lending landscape in form of P2P companies. These
entities use an online platform to match lenders with borrowers to provide unsecured loans and mostly for
receivables financing. P2P lending has great potential as an alternative form of low-cost finance as it can
reach to the needy where formal sources are unable to reach or unwilling to lend. RBI has been mindful of
a need to regulate these entities without stifling their ability to innovate and is currently in the process of
issuing final guidelines on P2P lending.
21. Policy intervention for Life Cycle Issues: We have advised the banks to keep a provision for
additional credit limits (Standby Credit Facility for term loans and an additional provision within the overall
working capital limits) in order to provide timely financial support to Micro and Small enterprises facing
financial difficulties during their lifecycle. Banks have also been advised to carry out mid-term review of
regular working capital limits and fix up timelines for credit decisions. I am happy to say that most banks
have put in place similar provisions in the last one year or so.
22. Co-origination of loans: While several steps have been taken to address the problems related toaccessibility, there are certain structural problems which would take their own sweet time in getting
sorted out. One of this is the issue of reaching the last mile. Much as we have encouraged the banks to
establish brick and mortar branches across remote villages, we must be conscious that they would always
be driven by viability assessments/
cost considerations. One possible solution for this problem could be convergence of efforts between banks
on one hand and the NBFCs, MFIs on the other, who have ‘feet on the ground’ in such locations, better
understanding of the local conditions and business viability, better knowledge about the credit worthiness
of individuals, their repayment capabilities etc. Could we envisage a framework for co-origination of
loans by banks and the NBFCs/MFIs with risk participation? While it would ensure skin in the game
for both parties, it would benefit the entrepreneurs in terms of cost of credit, which on account of blending
could be substantially lower. This could probably be the most ideal structure to serve the micro
enterprises who are the most deprived in terms of availability of credit.
(ii) Banks and Business
23. Let me now turn my focus to steps for bridging the information asymmetry between the banks
and the businesses. As I mentioned earlier, this is not a one-way street. Not only are the small
entrepreneurs often ignorant about banking products and practices, several bankers have little
understanding of the lifecycle credit needs of small businesses. Towards covering this base, RBI has
started a capacity building initiative called the National Mission for Capacity Building of Bankers for
financing MSME Sector (NAMCABS) in a mission mode. The field level functionaries must appreciate the
importance of two critical pillars of financing MSME sector viz., timeliness and adequacy of credit. I am
happy to state that close to 3300 officials of the banks have undergone this programme in the last one
year.
24. Credit Counsellors : For bridging the information asymmetry on the MSME borrowers side, RBI is
initiating a process for putting in place a framework for accreditation of credit counsellors who are
expected to serve as facilitators and enablers for micro and small entrepreneurs. Since MSMEs are
typically enterprises with little credit histories and with inadequate expertise in preparing financial
statements, credit counsellors will assist the borrowers in preparing their project reports and also help
banks make better informed credit decisions.
25. Revival and Rehabilitation of MSMEs: Another key step in the direction of supporting the firms in
distress is the issuance of guidelines on the Framework on Revival and Rehabilitation of MSMEs, which
provides an institutionalized framework for rehabilitation of enterprises which are potentially viable, but
are under temporary duress. The Framework provides for a structured mechanism, which could be
triggered either by the banker or by the entrepreneur at the first signs of stress. The problem resolution is
scaled up to a committee with a time bound schedule. I see this as a very powerful tool and urge upon
the bankers to get this process rolling at the earliest.
(iii) The difficult ‘C’s -Credit and Collateral
26. The issue of finding the right balance in securing a loan without pushing the borrower to informal
sector has been a bugbear for the banking system. This is sought to be addressed through creation and
development of right institutional structures. Let me delve upon some of these efforts:
27. Movable Asset Registry: Movable assets, as opposed to fixed assets such as land or buildings, often
account for most of the capital stock of private firms and comprise an especially large share for micro,
small and medium-size enterprises. Hence, movable assets are the main type of securities that firms can
pledge to obtain bank financing. I am happy to state that CERSAI, in active coordination with Government
of India and Reserve Bank has established the movable asset registry, which when mature would have a
multiplier effect in lending to the sector.
28. TReDS: In order to solve the problem of delayed payment to MSMEs, RBI has licensed three entities
for operating the Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS). The system would facilitate the
financing of trade receivables of MSME enterprises from corporate and other buyers, including
government departments and public sector undertakings (PSUs) through multiple financiers. The
objective is to create Electronic Bill Factoring Exchanges which could electronically accept and settle
bills so that MSMEs could encash their receivables without delay. It is expected that the TReDS will
commence operations within this current fiscal. It would be important that the use of TReDS is
made mandatory for, to begin with corporate and PSUs and later for the Government
departments. I would urge the Chambers and the MSME Ministry to proactively examine this
aspect as success of TReDS initiative can be a game changer for the sector.
29. Utility of the Credit Guarantee Scheme: Realizing the problems of small borrowers in posting
collaterals, RBI has asked the banks not to insist on collateral in case of loans up to Rs 10 lakh extendedto units in the MSE sector. Also, Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE)
has been set up to encourage the Member Lending Institutions to extend credit based on the viability of
the proposal rather than insisting on security or surety. Based on practical experience however, I tend to
believe that these provisions have not led to desired outcomes. Let me elaborate.
On one hand, the guideline on collateral-free loans has led banks to at times devise ways of denying
credit to the MSMEs borrowers, while on the other extreme, the provision for credit guarantee has
potential to cause deterioration in quality of credit appraisal and due diligence, consequently straining
the resources of the CGTMSE. Clearly, both outcomes are undesirable. I would rather advocate that
borrower is compensated by way of a better pricing in loan for the availability of collateral. Further, I
would also like to see the CGTMSE to evolve a framework for making the pricing risk-based rather than
having a uniform risk premium related to the past performance and quality of individual portfolios.
Eventually, this activity should also move to an open market system.
(iv)The Cumbersome ‘D’- Documentation
31. The absence of credit history and the need for documentation often pushes the micro
entrepreneur away from conventional banking channels to the more informal sectors. This has to be
addressed through a constant process of simplification of procedures and more importantly by leveraging
technology.
32. Udyami Mitra portal set up by SIDBI leverages IT architecture of Stand-Up Mitra portal and
aims at instilling ease of access to MSMEs’ financial and non-financial service needs. The Portal, as a
virtual market place endeavours to provide 'End to End' solutions not only for credit delivery but also for
the host of credit-plus services by way of hand holding support, application tracking, multiple interface
with stakeholders (i.e. banks, service providers, applicants).We could see development of more such
technological interfaces in the coming days making it easier for MSME entrepreneurs to borrow from the
banking system. RBI is committed to support such initiatives with appropriate safeguards and consumer
protection measures.
33. Role of Associations: The entrepreneur and Industry bodies have a significant role to play in
linking, maintaining and sustaining the borrower-banker relationship. This could be in handholding,
enabling and capacity building of the new entrepreneurs. As you are aware, the BCSBI has formulated a
Code of Bank's Commitment to Micro and Small Enterprises for voluntary adherence by the banks. The
industry associations must also spread awareness about various facilities available/guidelines issued by
the regulators to bridge the information asymmetry.
Conclusion
34. Let me conclude by going back to the theme of propelling growth of MSMEs. In using the term
‘propel’ you have underlined the sense of urgency that is required in this area. Our demographics compel
us to push forward this agenda and make quantum jumps so that entrepreneur can start and drive
businesses without worrying about finance. We are committed to this paradigm shift and the slew of
measures that are being taken by the RBI
1.Keynote address delivered by Shri S. S. Mundra, Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India at the 2nd CII
National Conference on MSME Funding held in New Delhi on August 23, 2016 ).
Thank you for inviting me to deliver the keynote address at this second edition of the Conference on
MSME Funding. I compliment the CII for having chosen a very relevant theme for the Conference
‘Propelling MSME Growth through Enhanced Financial Access and Support’. The theme lays emphasis on
two crucial pillars that are pertinent for the sector i.e. enhancing financial access and ensuring adequate
support to enable MSMEs to attain faster growth.
2.It is universally recognized that small businesses are the best vehicles for generate jobs. A IFC
/Mckinsey Study has estimated worldwide MSME population at 420 to 510 million, of which 360 to 440
million alone, are in emerging markets. The report also estimates that the formal SMEs contribute up to
45 percent of total employment and up to 33 percent of national income (GDP) in emerging economies
and these numbers could be significantly higher when informal SMEs are included. The Asia SME Finance
Monitor 2014 published by the Asian Development Bank has estimated that 96% of all enterprises in the
Asian region fall under the MSME category, absorb close to 2/3rd of the working force and contribute to
about 42 % of GDP.
3. According to MSME Ministry’s Annual Report for 2015-16, MSME sector in India today is a network of 51
million enterprises providing employment to 117.1 million persons and contributing 37.5 per cent of
India’s GDP2
. The development of this sector is, therefore, crucial in generating significant levels of
employment across the country, more so since we have a large young and educated population which is
on lookout for employment.
MSME – Significance beyond job creation
4. While job creation is certainly critical, small businesses play a far greater role than just providing
employment. Let me state two key contributions of MSME sector here.
5.One, the MSME sector is a nursery for entrepreneurship and a school for innovation. Countless medium
and large corporates in India have evolved out of being micro and small sometime in not so distant past. I
am sure many in the audience here, who own fairly large businesses today, would have cut their teeth in
business through the route of micro and small enterprises.
6. Secondly, MSME sector is crucial for the success of the national agenda of Financial Inclusion. Let me
explain. Normally, when we talk about financial inclusion, we do so largely from the perspective of an
individual or at best a household. However, to my mind, universal financial inclusion cannot be considered
to have been achieved unless it is ensured that the micro and small businesses are financially included.
Credits to these small family run or individual run entities from the formal financial channels would make
these businesses sustainable and help them move out of poverty and propel them to a better quality of
life.
7. The surmise that I am trying to drive at is that if this is the sector that is the bulwark for such criticaldevelopmental paradigms, there are compelling enough reasons for all stakeholders- be they the
Associations, the Financial Institutions, the regulators or the Government, to put all their might together
in a convergent fashion so that the right environment is created to propel growth of MSMEs in our
country.
8. For achieving this objective, there is a need to create an ecosystem which can facilitate handholding
and nurturing of MSME units particularly at the nascent stages. Also, there is a need to eliminate a host of
impediments – of permits, of inspections, of red tape and provide a set of enablers – skill development,
infrastructure, markets, technology etc. However, of all the enablers, probably none is more important
than Credit. The IFC/Mckinsey has estimated the credit gap for formal and informal MSMEs worldwide at
around $ 3.9 trillion globally, of which $2.1 to 2.6 trillion is in emerging markets.
The ABCD of Credit
9. As I said, credit is perhaps the most critical component for MSME entrepreneurs. Provision for Credit is
essentially dependent on four pivotal issues which I would call ‘ABCD’ of credit. Let me take you through
each of them and also explain what we are doing to iron out these issues.
a) The Á of Credit –Access/Availability
10. The 4th All India survey of MSMEs states that close to 90 per cent of MSMEs are dependent on
informal sources, which by any standards is a worrisome figure. Since that survey, some headway must
have been made in improving MSMEs’ access to formal financial channels; however, it still remains a
challenge. The public sector banks today have close to 3000 specialized branches which specialize in
lending to MSME units. Private sector banks have built up products and processes, which enable quick
disbursal of loans. Most banks have switched over to centralized credit sanctioning, which enables better
turnaround time. Many others have increased the credit limits to the field level functionaries. While these
steps have improved access, there is still a huge unmet demand for credit for MSMEs. (There is a total
finance requirement of INR 32.5 trillion ($650 billion) in the MSME sector, which comprises of INR 26
trillion ($ 520 Billion) of debt demand and INR 6.5 trillion ($130 Billion) of equity demand).As per
provisional data for period ended March 2016, total outstanding loan of the banking system to MSME
sector stood at around 11.1 trillion rupees in 20.6 million loan accounts. Contrast this to the estimated
need of INR 26 trillion and number of MSMEs at 51 million.
11. An important piece of the problem is adequacy of banking outlets. Small entrepreneurs are spread
across remote locations in the country where physical bank branches are not available. Also, the banking
correspondent mechanism is yet to mature to a level where they can play a key role in credit disbursal.
Second and perhaps a more import dimension is availability of credit at a time when it is required by the
entrepreneur. Ability of small entrepreneurs to withstand life cycle shocks is extremely limited and hence
availability of timely credit becomes critical for their survival. The formal financial system, due to a variety
of reasons, which may include cumbersome procedures, lack of understanding of the business model,
inability of the entrepreneur to meet the requirements of the banks etc., is unable to meet this immediate
need of the entrepreneur.
b) ‘B’- Banks and Business
12. ‘B’ in the ‘ABCD’ paradigm of credit fundamentally refers to the information asymmetry between the
two Bs – Banks and Business.
The United States Agency for International Development (2009) defines a financially literate SME
owner/manager as “someone who knows what are the most suitable financing and financial management
options for his/her business at the various growth stages of his/her business; knows where to obtain the
most suitable products and services; and interacts with confidence with the suppliers of these products
and services. He/she is familiar with the legal and regulatory framework and his/her rights and recourse
options.”
13.I don’t think that majority of the MSME entrepreneurs in the country today meet the criterion.
Financial literacy in the context of a MSME focuses on an individual’s ability to translate financial literacy
concepts to business needs. Financial literacy is essential for effective money management and low levels
of financial literacy hinder the understanding of available financial products and services. MSE
entrepreneurs are also constrained by lack of operational skills, accounting and finance acumen, business
planning etc. which underscores a need for facilitation by banks/other agencies.
14. However, it is not a one way street. Large-scale retirements in banks in recent years have also
adversely impacted the collective skill-sets available at the field level in understanding, appraising and
monitoring the MSME loan portfolio. The poor underwriting skills leads to avoidable under or ovefinancing, which can have a telling effect on the health of the MSME units, particularly in adverse life cycle
situations.
c) ‘C’- Collateral Requirements
15. The formal financial institutions particularly banks consider lending to MSMEs as highly risky since the
entrepreneurs often do not possess adequate collateral to support the credit. Very often, the loans are
rejected, despite the project prima facie, being feasible. While there are several dispensations to tide over
the problem, the credit culture has not matured enough to a level existing in developed economies where
lending is done against the assets of the firm including its movable assets. This also necessitates that we
build up strong financial infrastructure, which would support the banks in lending to these sectors without
worries and using all types of assets available to secure the loan. It is also pertinent for banks to realise
that though the loan to the individual entities in the sector may be riskier on a solo basis, overall on a
portfolio level, these are less vulnerable than loans to corporate.
d) ‘D’- Documentation
16. Many of the MSMEs, particularly the Micro units, do not have adequate documentation to match the
rigours of a formal financial system. Absence of documentation drives the small entrepreneurs to informal
sources that are willing to provide credit with minimum documentation. Further, a vast majority of the
MSMEs are informal, which brings down the credit score of the entrepreneur and hinders the ability of the
formal financial system to lend to them. Banks, on their part will need to leverage on modern technology
algorithms and Big data so that they can differentiate between a good borrower and a not so good one
even in the absence of conventional documentation.
17. Having analysed various impediments in finance to the sector let me dwell on some of the steps
taken by RBI, Government of India and other Apex institutions in bridging these gaps.
(i) Access/ Availability
RBI has initiated several measures to improve the availability of banking services, especially in the rural
and far-flung areas where access to formal finance is arduous.
18. New institutions: As you are aware, two new universal banks have started operations while in-
principle approval has been granted to 10 entities to set up Small Finance Banks that would primarily
focus on lending to unserved and underserved sections including small business units, small and marginal
farmers, micro and small industries and unorganized
sector entities. These small finance banks have been mandated to extend 75 per cent of its Adjusted Net
Bank Credit (ANBC) to the sectors eligible for classification as priority sector lending (PSL) by the Reserve
Bank. At least 50 per cent of its loan portfolio should constitute loans and advances of up to Rs. 25 lakh.
Many of the SFBs have prior experience of working with small businesses as MFIs/NBFCs and we believe
that they will be able to bring in technology backed innovative last mile practices to serve their
customers.
19. Increased branch penetration/ Specialized branches: RBI has advised banks to set up ‘brick and
mortar’ branches in villages with population of more than 5000 in a phased manner. Coupled with a more
mature Banking Correspondent mechanism, this would give considerable fillip in meeting the banking
needs of the MSMEs particularly in rural areas. Besides, creating presence of physical branch, there is
also a need to have large number of bank officials with appropriate skill sets and knowledge to handle
the life cycle needs of the small businesses. Already, Public Sector banks have established specialized
MSME branches in every district to cater to the needs of the small businesses. We are already working
towards improving the skill sets and entrepreneurial sensitivity of the field level functionaries.
20. P2P lending: New players have entered the MSME lending landscape in form of P2P companies. These
entities use an online platform to match lenders with borrowers to provide unsecured loans and mostly for
receivables financing. P2P lending has great potential as an alternative form of low-cost finance as it can
reach to the needy where formal sources are unable to reach or unwilling to lend. RBI has been mindful of
a need to regulate these entities without stifling their ability to innovate and is currently in the process of
issuing final guidelines on P2P lending.
21. Policy intervention for Life Cycle Issues: We have advised the banks to keep a provision for
additional credit limits (Standby Credit Facility for term loans and an additional provision within the overall
working capital limits) in order to provide timely financial support to Micro and Small enterprises facing
financial difficulties during their lifecycle. Banks have also been advised to carry out mid-term review of
regular working capital limits and fix up timelines for credit decisions. I am happy to say that most banks
have put in place similar provisions in the last one year or so.
22. Co-origination of loans: While several steps have been taken to address the problems related toaccessibility, there are certain structural problems which would take their own sweet time in getting
sorted out. One of this is the issue of reaching the last mile. Much as we have encouraged the banks to
establish brick and mortar branches across remote villages, we must be conscious that they would always
be driven by viability assessments/
cost considerations. One possible solution for this problem could be convergence of efforts between banks
on one hand and the NBFCs, MFIs on the other, who have ‘feet on the ground’ in such locations, better
understanding of the local conditions and business viability, better knowledge about the credit worthiness
of individuals, their repayment capabilities etc. Could we envisage a framework for co-origination of
loans by banks and the NBFCs/MFIs with risk participation? While it would ensure skin in the game
for both parties, it would benefit the entrepreneurs in terms of cost of credit, which on account of blending
could be substantially lower. This could probably be the most ideal structure to serve the micro
enterprises who are the most deprived in terms of availability of credit.
(ii) Banks and Business
23. Let me now turn my focus to steps for bridging the information asymmetry between the banks
and the businesses. As I mentioned earlier, this is not a one-way street. Not only are the small
entrepreneurs often ignorant about banking products and practices, several bankers have little
understanding of the lifecycle credit needs of small businesses. Towards covering this base, RBI has
started a capacity building initiative called the National Mission for Capacity Building of Bankers for
financing MSME Sector (NAMCABS) in a mission mode. The field level functionaries must appreciate the
importance of two critical pillars of financing MSME sector viz., timeliness and adequacy of credit. I am
happy to state that close to 3300 officials of the banks have undergone this programme in the last one
year.
24. Credit Counsellors : For bridging the information asymmetry on the MSME borrowers side, RBI is
initiating a process for putting in place a framework for accreditation of credit counsellors who are
expected to serve as facilitators and enablers for micro and small entrepreneurs. Since MSMEs are
typically enterprises with little credit histories and with inadequate expertise in preparing financial
statements, credit counsellors will assist the borrowers in preparing their project reports and also help
banks make better informed credit decisions.
25. Revival and Rehabilitation of MSMEs: Another key step in the direction of supporting the firms in
distress is the issuance of guidelines on the Framework on Revival and Rehabilitation of MSMEs, which
provides an institutionalized framework for rehabilitation of enterprises which are potentially viable, but
are under temporary duress. The Framework provides for a structured mechanism, which could be
triggered either by the banker or by the entrepreneur at the first signs of stress. The problem resolution is
scaled up to a committee with a time bound schedule. I see this as a very powerful tool and urge upon
the bankers to get this process rolling at the earliest.
(iii) The difficult ‘C’s -Credit and Collateral
26. The issue of finding the right balance in securing a loan without pushing the borrower to informal
sector has been a bugbear for the banking system. This is sought to be addressed through creation and
development of right institutional structures. Let me delve upon some of these efforts:
27. Movable Asset Registry: Movable assets, as opposed to fixed assets such as land or buildings, often
account for most of the capital stock of private firms and comprise an especially large share for micro,
small and medium-size enterprises. Hence, movable assets are the main type of securities that firms can
pledge to obtain bank financing. I am happy to state that CERSAI, in active coordination with Government
of India and Reserve Bank has established the movable asset registry, which when mature would have a
multiplier effect in lending to the sector.
28. TReDS: In order to solve the problem of delayed payment to MSMEs, RBI has licensed three entities
for operating the Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS). The system would facilitate the
financing of trade receivables of MSME enterprises from corporate and other buyers, including
government departments and public sector undertakings (PSUs) through multiple financiers. The
objective is to create Electronic Bill Factoring Exchanges which could electronically accept and settle
bills so that MSMEs could encash their receivables without delay. It is expected that the TReDS will
commence operations within this current fiscal. It would be important that the use of TReDS is
made mandatory for, to begin with corporate and PSUs and later for the Government
departments. I would urge the Chambers and the MSME Ministry to proactively examine this
aspect as success of TReDS initiative can be a game changer for the sector.
29. Utility of the Credit Guarantee Scheme: Realizing the problems of small borrowers in posting
collaterals, RBI has asked the banks not to insist on collateral in case of loans up to Rs 10 lakh extendedto units in the MSE sector. Also, Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE)
has been set up to encourage the Member Lending Institutions to extend credit based on the viability of
the proposal rather than insisting on security or surety. Based on practical experience however, I tend to
believe that these provisions have not led to desired outcomes. Let me elaborate.
On one hand, the guideline on collateral-free loans has led banks to at times devise ways of denying
credit to the MSMEs borrowers, while on the other extreme, the provision for credit guarantee has
potential to cause deterioration in quality of credit appraisal and due diligence, consequently straining
the resources of the CGTMSE. Clearly, both outcomes are undesirable. I would rather advocate that
borrower is compensated by way of a better pricing in loan for the availability of collateral. Further, I
would also like to see the CGTMSE to evolve a framework for making the pricing risk-based rather than
having a uniform risk premium related to the past performance and quality of individual portfolios.
Eventually, this activity should also move to an open market system.
(iv)The Cumbersome ‘D’- Documentation
31. The absence of credit history and the need for documentation often pushes the micro
entrepreneur away from conventional banking channels to the more informal sectors. This has to be
addressed through a constant process of simplification of procedures and more importantly by leveraging
technology.
32. Udyami Mitra portal set up by SIDBI leverages IT architecture of Stand-Up Mitra portal and
aims at instilling ease of access to MSMEs’ financial and non-financial service needs. The Portal, as a
virtual market place endeavours to provide 'End to End' solutions not only for credit delivery but also for
the host of credit-plus services by way of hand holding support, application tracking, multiple interface
with stakeholders (i.e. banks, service providers, applicants).We could see development of more such
technological interfaces in the coming days making it easier for MSME entrepreneurs to borrow from the
banking system. RBI is committed to support such initiatives with appropriate safeguards and consumer
protection measures.
33. Role of Associations: The entrepreneur and Industry bodies have a significant role to play in
linking, maintaining and sustaining the borrower-banker relationship. This could be in handholding,
enabling and capacity building of the new entrepreneurs. As you are aware, the BCSBI has formulated a
Code of Bank's Commitment to Micro and Small Enterprises for voluntary adherence by the banks. The
industry associations must also spread awareness about various facilities available/guidelines issued by
the regulators to bridge the information asymmetry.
Conclusion
34. Let me conclude by going back to the theme of propelling growth of MSMEs. In using the term
‘propel’ you have underlined the sense of urgency that is required in this area. Our demographics compel
us to push forward this agenda and make quantum jumps so that entrepreneur can start and drive
businesses without worrying about finance. We are committed to this paradigm shift and the slew of
measures that are being taken by the RBI
Wednesday, 22 January 2020
Forex recollected questions
Forex recollected questions
1) How many incoterms?
2) Full form of DAT
3)Few questions from doc letter of credit .
4)Nearly 8 questions on LRS
5)NRI remittances limits etc
6)Basic questions on URR 725,
7)URC 522
8)ISP 98
9)Known holiday in forex
10)One question on section of fema
11)Ecgc scheme
12)Question on customs related
13)TT buying TT selling
14)Bill discounting
15)Insurance docs in LC
16) three numericals on cross rates
1) How many incoterms?
2) Full form of DAT
3)Few questions from doc letter of credit .
4)Nearly 8 questions on LRS
5)NRI remittances limits etc
6)Basic questions on URR 725,
7)URC 522
8)ISP 98
9)Known holiday in forex
10)One question on section of fema
11)Ecgc scheme
12)Question on customs related
13)TT buying TT selling
14)Bill discounting
15)Insurance docs in LC
16) three numericals on cross rates
Monday, 20 January 2020
IT security recollected questions on 19.01.2020
Recollected questions on IT security
19.01.2020
1. Major change in It act 2008 and IT act 2000
2. which act is ammened after CTS ? choices r Rbi a t BR act Indian evudence act
3.It security s resoonsible fir all employes and driver is CiSO
4.Ciso will report to Hirm
5. Threat vulnerability case study
6. Threat vector
7.crime s not bcos of oppurtnty need ratiaisation answer s inteligence
8.Which metal dector is used in inland indepth
9. which metal detector cannot diferentiate metals
10. which does not comes under indepth Security
11.SQL injection
12. case study qn on Rootkit
1e.RTP
14.ROP
15.unit twating /whitebox/ blackbox testing
16. warm site/ cold site
17. COBIT developed by which agency of USA
18.which ia bench mark of Indian security stds COBIT OR IASA
19. what has to be hand over to conpany in case of Escrow arrangement- Source code
20. When it has to handover and who should demand the codes under escrow agreemnt
30.salomi technique
31. Acess control case study
32. Acess control policy is for Physical acess or al type access
33. For software protection no physical security s needed or physic security is fully needed or partly if it s a single pC.
34.Maker checker checjer has role power more than maker.
35which is cheaper RFID or Barcode reader
36. wether both bar code reader and RFID can be scanned with same scanner?
37.when a sytem ahould be Tagged with RFId as soon as it is bought or wen it is brought yo the company erc.
38. Arranging the sequence of Physical.movembt of Hardwares like listing sequencing tagging etc.
39. life cycle of aoftware devepmnetn lik planning devolping testing implementing and the mam twist is wether maintannce comes under life cycle of developing or the life cycl ends with inplementing only.?
40.which fire extinguisher to b used in setver room Co2
41.CAPtCha is case sensitive
42.stenography/ cryptography.
43 Malware/ spyware/ Addware/ Botner
44. wether Botnet iz a malwRe,?
45. Wanna cry is a ransomware
46. Some question was abt layers in Osi model
47.Ddos
48.dual core process
49. Trapdoor
50.Bit glass
51. Digital india aims at - bringing internet and e governancce to all parts of society
t2. Cobit is computer governance or IT governamce
53. which ia important in bank customer data prootection along with adata centre or Only dafa centres hvng other data?
54. Atm jackpotti g
55. Green dispensor
56.Load balancing
57. wether security policy of a company is confidential or it can be known to all
58.PGP
59.Dumbster Drving
50. which technique if used for mallicious intention bcomes crime - Sniffing
60. Iso 27700 /27001/27002 _ 2 questions
61. open source application - MS word
62. PCI dss used for??
63. Iaas Paas
76. In buffef overflow attacker targets_ stack
77. secuirty to be ensured untill last mile
78. -Network attac hed storage
79. why disk duplex is better than disk miroring
80.Zeus is a malware attacking banks
81. Zombies
82.spiral model/ iterative model/ waterfall model case study
83.jitter technology
84. pDC (plan do chek)
85. which std is used for life çycle Iso/iec 5288:2008
Questions are modearaate. Taxman book is more than enough to pass. If V COMPLete Cyber crime and fraud managemnt exam before completing IT security it will be easier since 30% questions can be related.
In Taxman book at the end of Each topic few topics were given under the title "KEY WORDS". Most questions are from that.
19.01.2020
1. Major change in It act 2008 and IT act 2000
2. which act is ammened after CTS ? choices r Rbi a t BR act Indian evudence act
3.It security s resoonsible fir all employes and driver is CiSO
4.Ciso will report to Hirm
5. Threat vulnerability case study
6. Threat vector
7.crime s not bcos of oppurtnty need ratiaisation answer s inteligence
8.Which metal dector is used in inland indepth
9. which metal detector cannot diferentiate metals
10. which does not comes under indepth Security
11.SQL injection
12. case study qn on Rootkit
1e.RTP
14.ROP
15.unit twating /whitebox/ blackbox testing
16. warm site/ cold site
17. COBIT developed by which agency of USA
18.which ia bench mark of Indian security stds COBIT OR IASA
19. what has to be hand over to conpany in case of Escrow arrangement- Source code
20. When it has to handover and who should demand the codes under escrow agreemnt
30.salomi technique
31. Acess control case study
32. Acess control policy is for Physical acess or al type access
33. For software protection no physical security s needed or physic security is fully needed or partly if it s a single pC.
34.Maker checker checjer has role power more than maker.
35which is cheaper RFID or Barcode reader
36. wether both bar code reader and RFID can be scanned with same scanner?
37.when a sytem ahould be Tagged with RFId as soon as it is bought or wen it is brought yo the company erc.
38. Arranging the sequence of Physical.movembt of Hardwares like listing sequencing tagging etc.
39. life cycle of aoftware devepmnetn lik planning devolping testing implementing and the mam twist is wether maintannce comes under life cycle of developing or the life cycl ends with inplementing only.?
40.which fire extinguisher to b used in setver room Co2
41.CAPtCha is case sensitive
42.stenography/ cryptography.
43 Malware/ spyware/ Addware/ Botner
44. wether Botnet iz a malwRe,?
45. Wanna cry is a ransomware
46. Some question was abt layers in Osi model
47.Ddos
48.dual core process
49. Trapdoor
50.Bit glass
51. Digital india aims at - bringing internet and e governancce to all parts of society
t2. Cobit is computer governance or IT governamce
53. which ia important in bank customer data prootection along with adata centre or Only dafa centres hvng other data?
54. Atm jackpotti g
55. Green dispensor
56.Load balancing
57. wether security policy of a company is confidential or it can be known to all
58.PGP
59.Dumbster Drving
50. which technique if used for mallicious intention bcomes crime - Sniffing
60. Iso 27700 /27001/27002 _ 2 questions
61. open source application - MS word
62. PCI dss used for??
63. Iaas Paas
76. In buffef overflow attacker targets_ stack
77. secuirty to be ensured untill last mile
78. -Network attac hed storage
79. why disk duplex is better than disk miroring
80.Zeus is a malware attacking banks
81. Zombies
82.spiral model/ iterative model/ waterfall model case study
83.jitter technology
84. pDC (plan do chek)
85. which std is used for life çycle Iso/iec 5288:2008
Questions are modearaate. Taxman book is more than enough to pass. If V COMPLete Cyber crime and fraud managemnt exam before completing IT security it will be easier since 30% questions can be related.
In Taxman book at the end of Each topic few topics were given under the title "KEY WORDS". Most questions are from that.
Saturday, 18 January 2020
IT security recollected on sep 2019
IT Security Certificate recollected on Sep 2019
Some of the recalled questions/topics are as following...
2-3 questions on Escrow
Security governance
Cert in
Major change from it act to it amendment act
BC DRP steps
2 questions on firewall
RTO
RPO
CISO reports to whom
Who are responsible for IT security
Maker checker difference
Spyware
VoIP
Black/white box testing
Salami attack
ISMS
PDC and DRC
2 questions on fault tolerant systems
Disadvantage of check list audit
2-4 questions on physical security
ITAM 2 questions
What cant be disclosed under RTI act 2005
Schema
Modem
Green server
Telnet uses which port
2-3 questions on security standards
E wastes
2-3 questions related to software development
COBIT
Threat vector
DoS
SQL
Cross site scripting
Steganography
Cryptography
Beta testing
Multiplexers
CAPTCHA
Dual core processor
Some of the recalled questions/topics are as following...
2-3 questions on Escrow
Security governance
Cert in
Major change from it act to it amendment act
BC DRP steps
2 questions on firewall
RTO
RPO
CISO reports to whom
Who are responsible for IT security
Maker checker difference
Spyware
VoIP
Black/white box testing
Salami attack
ISMS
PDC and DRC
2 questions on fault tolerant systems
Disadvantage of check list audit
2-4 questions on physical security
ITAM 2 questions
What cant be disclosed under RTI act 2005
Schema
Modem
Green server
Telnet uses which port
2-3 questions on security standards
E wastes
2-3 questions related to software development
COBIT
Threat vector
DoS
SQL
Cross site scripting
Steganography
Cryptography
Beta testing
Multiplexers
CAPTCHA
Dual core processor
IT security recollected questions on oct:2019
IT SECURITY
***********
Giv priority to Technical terms...
***************
26.10.2019 MEMORY BASED RECOLLECTED QUESTIONS
Salomi technique
Accountability- biometric login wat d user has/knows/is
Access control
Access privilege
Maker checker principle
Ciso/cfo role
Anti piracy
Thteat/vulnerability/impact
RFID radio frequency identification
Perimeter security
3 most common metal detector
Fire extinguishers
E waste
BYOT/BYOD /work from home
Commonly used sever
Router/modem/switch/gateway
White box/black box testing
Alpha/beta testing
ISO certfctn standard specifctn
COBIT
STEGNOGRAPHY/RANSOMWARE/CYBER TERRORISM/SOCIAL ENGG
DOS/DDOS
CAPTCHA
MALWARE/SPYWARE/ADWARE/ROOTKIT/BOTNETS
FASTFLUX/STUXNET
HOTSITE/WARMSITE/COLDSITE
IS AUDIT QUALIFCTNS
GUIDELINES FOR FRAUD PREVENTION
FSDC
***********
Giv priority to Technical terms...
***************
26.10.2019 MEMORY BASED RECOLLECTED QUESTIONS
Salomi technique
Accountability- biometric login wat d user has/knows/is
Access control
Access privilege
Maker checker principle
Ciso/cfo role
Anti piracy
Thteat/vulnerability/impact
RFID radio frequency identification
Perimeter security
3 most common metal detector
Fire extinguishers
E waste
BYOT/BYOD /work from home
Commonly used sever
Router/modem/switch/gateway
White box/black box testing
Alpha/beta testing
ISO certfctn standard specifctn
COBIT
STEGNOGRAPHY/RANSOMWARE/CYBER TERRORISM/SOCIAL ENGG
DOS/DDOS
CAPTCHA
MALWARE/SPYWARE/ADWARE/ROOTKIT/BOTNETS
FASTFLUX/STUXNET
HOTSITE/WARMSITE/COLDSITE
IS AUDIT QUALIFCTNS
GUIDELINES FOR FRAUD PREVENTION
FSDC
MSME recollected questions on 28.12.2019
Investment in P&M, Equipment, Partnership, public and private limited company, Joint Hindu Family, Partnership, women entrepreneurs categories, ITCOT, US small business act, KVIC, SIDC, BCSBI loan application disposal time norm, venture capital fund, smera, cgtmse, angel funds, hybrid capital, collateral free loan, pmegp, red and green clause LC, back to back LC, 5 Cs, credit appraisal, ratios analysis and balance sheet related questions, nayak and other methods of lending, risk types, PS targets, BDS, Tequp, RRTUFs, back ended subsidy, clusters, rehabilitation n restructuring, drt, arc, mudra, wto, clearancs for setting up unit, items included in P&M etc... reading of entire book and updated changes is must.
Friday, 17 January 2020
Forex for individual:; RECOLLECTED
Forex for individual:; RECOLLECTED
foreign exchange facilities for individual, 2Mark's Sebi route, converter debentures, sale of immovable property, FEMA violence, JV/WOS, ESOP With Ad NRO, FD I, Tire I Capital, NRI investment, 1 Mark's question Difference Between FCNR (B) and FCNR (A), death claim, LRS investment, Rout, FFMC, NRI/ PIO sale Property, FERA cancellation, ESOP/ FCNR, Director Investment, TT, FCA ODI, Premature withdrawal NRI deposit, 0.5 Mark's questions asked Telephone Cards, Emigration, RFC D, TC, MTTS, blank money, close relative NRI, EEFC crystalline etc
Question asked in foreign exchange facilities for individual, 2Mark's Sebi route, converter debentures, sale of immovable property, FEMA violence, JV/WOS, ESOP With Ad NRO, FD I, Tire I Capital, NRI investment, 1 Mark's question Difference Between FCNR (B) and FCNR (A), death claim, LRS investment, Rout, FFMC, NRI/ PIO sale Property, FERA cancellation, ESOP/ FCNR, Director Investment, TT, FCA ODI, Premature withdrawal NRI deposit, 0.5 Mark's questions asked Telephone Cards, Emigration, RFC D, TC, MTTS, blank money, close relative NRI, EEFC crystalline etc
Micro finance 70 recollected questions
Micro finance 70 recollected questions
Q1.C.rungrajan committee on microfinance
Q2. Breath length and depth meaning.
Q3. Difference between poverty lending approach and financial system approach.
Q4. Microfinance focus on poorest of the poor.
Q5. Nabard and it's role.
Q6. Nationalization of banks and it's purpose.
Q7.IRDP programm substitute the SJGSY program.
Q8.what is facilitater and it's role.
Q9.what is GRT group recognition test and it's purpose.
Q10.one question on Money lenders.
Q11.break even analysis and CPV analysis 3 questions.
Q12.what is microcredit.
Q13.what is microfinance.
Q14. What is sustainability.
Q15 what is BRI bank Ryat Indonesia.
Q16 .what is unit diseas.
Q17.chikola group of Kenya is example of which model.
Q18.Difference between SHG and JLG model
Q19 detailed question on grameen bank model.
Q20. What is SHG bank linkage model...
Q22. Assumptions of grameen bank model of Bangladesh.
Q23.diffrence between direct cost indirectcost setupcost and cost of fund.
Q24 .capital=assets-liability.
Q25.for NBFC model minimum networth requires rs.5 crore.
Q26.malegam committee and its recommendation.
Q27.qualifying assets and its significance
Q28.what is most accepted and widely usedmodel of microfinance in india.
Q29.what is ghostborrower or multiple lending.
Q30.details of BC model.
Q31.what is reckless lending.
Q32. Details of SHG2 model part2.
Q33. What is refinancing.
Q34. National rural livelihood mission.
Q35 .Swarn jayanti gramin Swarojgar yojna
Q 36.what is mutual fund.
Q37. What is merchant banking.
Q38.details of Revolving Fund.
Q39. Financial inclusion definition and scope.
Q40. What is kyc and it's purpose
Q23.diffrence between direct cost indirectcost setupcost and cost of fund.
Q24 .capital=assets-liability.
Q25.for NBFC model minimum networth requires rs.5 crore.
Q26.malegam committee and its recommendation.
Q27.qualifying assets and its significance
Q28.what is most accepted and widely usedmodel of microfinance in india.
Q29.what is ghostborrower or multiple lending.
Q30.details of BC model.
Q31.what is reckless lending.
Q32. Details of SHG2 model part2.
Q33. What is refinancing.
Q34. National rural livelihood mission.
Q35 .Swarn jayanti gramin Swarojgar yojna
Q 36.what is mutual fund.
Q37. What is merchant banking.
Q38.details of Revolving Fund.
Q39. Financial inclusion definition and scope.
Q40. What is kyc and it's purpose
Q41 .Illiterate person can open which type of exam.
Q42 .Difference between impact accessment and social performance.
Q43.what is social rating
Q44. What is minimalist and integrated approach.
Q45.what is micro Insurance.
Q46. Role of SEBI.
Q47.role of IRDA.
Q48. What is cash flow statement
.Q49. What is flat rate of interest.
Q50. What is travel expanses.
Q51.what is operating expense Ratio.
Q52. What is asset depricitation.
Q53 what is accounting stanard 2
. Q54. What is average case load.
Q55. What is Target group.
Q56. What is PAR.
Q57. What is market risk.
Q58. What is bank rate.
Q59.what is reprising risk.
Q60. What is riskmanagement loop
Q42 .Difference between impact accessment and social performance.
Q43.what is social rating
Q44. What is minimalist and integrated approach.
Q45.what is micro Insurance.
Q46. Role of SEBI.
Q47.role of IRDA.
Q48. What is cash flow statement
.Q49. What is flat rate of interest.
Q50. What is travel expanses.
Q51.what is operating expense Ratio.
Q52. What is asset depricitation.
Q53 what is accounting stanard 2
. Q54. What is average case load.
Q55. What is Target group.
Q56. What is PAR.
Q57. What is market risk.
Q58. What is bank rate.
Q59.what is reprising risk.
Q60. What is riskmanagement loop
Q61 what is schedule and nonshedule bank.
Q62. What is human risk.
Q63.what is operational risk.
Q64.what is merchant banker.
Q65. What is trading in stock exchange.
Q66.two questions on mutual fund.
Q67.three question on Break Even Analysis.
Q68. What is regulatory risk.
Q 69.what is Repayment rate.
Q70.trust and Trust feed and what NBFC banking Model and what is business Correspondent model (BC Model)...... these All are 70 Recollected Questions of microfinance held on 15 july 2018. best of luck to All
Q62. What is human risk.
Q63.what is operational risk.
Q64.what is merchant banker.
Q65. What is trading in stock exchange.
Q66.two questions on mutual fund.
Q67.three question on Break Even Analysis.
Q68. What is regulatory risk.
Q 69.what is Repayment rate.
Q70.trust and Trust feed and what NBFC banking Model and what is business Correspondent model (BC Model)...... these All are 70 Recollected Questions of microfinance held on 15 july 2018. best of luck to All
Monday, 13 January 2020
Information system for bankers recollected questions on 12.01.2020
Information system for bankers dated 12.01.2019 Morning Batch (Recollected questions from Memory)
1. ________is the most important phase before rolling the solution to production (UAT)
2. The most important idea of DRP is ________ (No disruption to services)
3. Which of the following is example of STP? (NEFT/RTGS)
4. Meaning of Truncation in CTS?
5. The settlement is managed by RBI through __________ (CCIL)
6. UPI technology is introduced by ______________ (NPCI)
7. Which among the option is responsible to make changes centrally to interest rates, charges (NBO)
8. RTGS works in the principle of (FIFO)
9. Which among the given option is not component of AIS?
10. Which among the following is a Trojan Horse?
11. Meaning of data integrity ?
12. What is the meaning of Automated Data flow to regulator?
13. Meaning of common end state?
14. Who will report the frauds done by collusive merchants who use skimmed cards at POS terminal
15. Which feature given below throws ambiguity on where the police complaint to be filed in case of online frauds? (JURISDICTION)
16. The reporting of IS audit during the audit phase, and the progress is monitored by (Audit Department)
17. GASSP principlt is for (System Security)
18. Meaning of cache memory
19. DDOS affects which attribute of information system? (Availability)
20. Artificial Intelligence falls in which generation language? (Fifth Generation)
21. Meaning of Data manipulation
22. Normalisation explanation
23. Authentication meaning
24. Which among the following is broad category of SQL (Object Oriented language)
25. Which of the following is not a logical operator (EQUAL)
26. Delineation of scope is a sub component in which phase of SDLC? (Feasibility Study)
27. Characteristics of program construction (Robustness, Reliability, Usability etc)
28. Parallel Implementation explanation
29. Functions of Modem
30. Multiplexing technique explanation
31. Star topology explanation
32. Attenuation meaning
33. Meaning of gateway component in network
34. Which layer in OSI model is responsible for End to end message delivery (transport layer)
35. Network layer features
36. How many layers are in TCP/IP protocol (4 layer)
37. Essential idea of BCP?
38. Critical System example
39. Payroll is example of (Batch Processing)
40. Real time processing meaning
41. Which among the following is minor threat (Disk crash)
42. First Step of Disaster Life Cycle? (Preparatory Procedures)
43. When do activity of Emergency response team starts (On or after the disaster occurrence)
44. Insurance after the Disaster is taken cared by (Salvage Team)
45. Mirror Site + Hot site is for (Critical System)
46. Which is the foundation of effective BCP (BIA & Risk Assessment)
47. Effectiveness of BCP is checked only through (Checking)
48. Recovery time of 8-24 hours is characteristic s of (warm Site)
49. UPS Characteristics (online & Offline UPS)
50. Defense in path meaning
51. Meaning of BUG
52. Which of the following is example of E money? (M PESA , BITCOIN, Credit card etc)
53. Full form of PPI
54. As a security measure RBI instructed which of the following (allow international facility in Debit & credit card as per written request)
55. INFINET works in (TCP/IP based network)
56. SFMS is in line of (SWIFT)
57. OECD guidelines, integration feature explanation
58. COBIT explanation
59. Computer offences are penalized by which act?
60. Examples of detective controls
61. IS Auditors responsibility
62. Which of the following key is not associated with Cryptography (Foreign Key)
63. As per the RBI guidelines the present cards are (EMV Chip & PIN Based)
64. Stream Cipher explanation
65. End to end Encryption
66. Meaning of false positive
67. Meaning of Tuning
68. IDS are placed in which layer?
69. Which of the following is best know in the family of ISO? (ISO/IEC 27001)
70. Responsibility of information owner
71. Steps in SDLC (Ordering the steps )
72. The attack which is prone in input validation technique (Brute Force)
73. Sniffing meaning
74. What type of model is used in CBS (Relationship table)
75. Mirroring technique
1. ________is the most important phase before rolling the solution to production (UAT)
2. The most important idea of DRP is ________ (No disruption to services)
3. Which of the following is example of STP? (NEFT/RTGS)
4. Meaning of Truncation in CTS?
5. The settlement is managed by RBI through __________ (CCIL)
6. UPI technology is introduced by ______________ (NPCI)
7. Which among the option is responsible to make changes centrally to interest rates, charges (NBO)
8. RTGS works in the principle of (FIFO)
9. Which among the given option is not component of AIS?
10. Which among the following is a Trojan Horse?
11. Meaning of data integrity ?
12. What is the meaning of Automated Data flow to regulator?
13. Meaning of common end state?
14. Who will report the frauds done by collusive merchants who use skimmed cards at POS terminal
15. Which feature given below throws ambiguity on where the police complaint to be filed in case of online frauds? (JURISDICTION)
16. The reporting of IS audit during the audit phase, and the progress is monitored by (Audit Department)
17. GASSP principlt is for (System Security)
18. Meaning of cache memory
19. DDOS affects which attribute of information system? (Availability)
20. Artificial Intelligence falls in which generation language? (Fifth Generation)
21. Meaning of Data manipulation
22. Normalisation explanation
23. Authentication meaning
24. Which among the following is broad category of SQL (Object Oriented language)
25. Which of the following is not a logical operator (EQUAL)
26. Delineation of scope is a sub component in which phase of SDLC? (Feasibility Study)
27. Characteristics of program construction (Robustness, Reliability, Usability etc)
28. Parallel Implementation explanation
29. Functions of Modem
30. Multiplexing technique explanation
31. Star topology explanation
32. Attenuation meaning
33. Meaning of gateway component in network
34. Which layer in OSI model is responsible for End to end message delivery (transport layer)
35. Network layer features
36. How many layers are in TCP/IP protocol (4 layer)
37. Essential idea of BCP?
38. Critical System example
39. Payroll is example of (Batch Processing)
40. Real time processing meaning
41. Which among the following is minor threat (Disk crash)
42. First Step of Disaster Life Cycle? (Preparatory Procedures)
43. When do activity of Emergency response team starts (On or after the disaster occurrence)
44. Insurance after the Disaster is taken cared by (Salvage Team)
45. Mirror Site + Hot site is for (Critical System)
46. Which is the foundation of effective BCP (BIA & Risk Assessment)
47. Effectiveness of BCP is checked only through (Checking)
48. Recovery time of 8-24 hours is characteristic s of (warm Site)
49. UPS Characteristics (online & Offline UPS)
50. Defense in path meaning
51. Meaning of BUG
52. Which of the following is example of E money? (M PESA , BITCOIN, Credit card etc)
53. Full form of PPI
54. As a security measure RBI instructed which of the following (allow international facility in Debit & credit card as per written request)
55. INFINET works in (TCP/IP based network)
56. SFMS is in line of (SWIFT)
57. OECD guidelines, integration feature explanation
58. COBIT explanation
59. Computer offences are penalized by which act?
60. Examples of detective controls
61. IS Auditors responsibility
62. Which of the following key is not associated with Cryptography (Foreign Key)
63. As per the RBI guidelines the present cards are (EMV Chip & PIN Based)
64. Stream Cipher explanation
65. End to end Encryption
66. Meaning of false positive
67. Meaning of Tuning
68. IDS are placed in which layer?
69. Which of the following is best know in the family of ISO? (ISO/IEC 27001)
70. Responsibility of information owner
71. Steps in SDLC (Ordering the steps )
72. The attack which is prone in input validation technique (Brute Force)
73. Sniffing meaning
74. What type of model is used in CBS (Relationship table)
75. Mirroring technique
Sunday, 12 January 2020
Financial needs of modern business enterprise (Working Capital)
Financial needs of modern business enterprise may be classified into two categories
(a) Fixed capital, and
(b) Working capital.
Modern Industries and capital intensive by nature and its Fixed Capital includes lands and building, Plant
and Machinery, and tools and implements.
The requirement of finance to purchase fixed capital is essentially long term in nature.
The working capital, short term in nature, is required to purchase raw materials and meet day to day
administrative and other such expenses.
There are various sources of finance for a modern industrial unit. These sources are of two types
(a) Internal sources and (b) External Sources
Internal sources include paid up capital in the form of share subscription, ploughing back of profits and
reserves.
The external sources include debenture issue, public deposits, loans from Commercial banks and other
specialized institutions.
Lending operation of the commercial banks to the Industrial Units and other Business Enterprises are
governed by the guidelines issued by the Reserve bank of India.
As mentioned above, Banks finance is largely divided into two categories , i.e Term Credit and working
capital.
Term Credit refers to the funds required for investment in fixed or permanent assets like land, building,
plants, machineries, other fixed assets etc,. Fixed Capital in the nature of Term Credit is required for the
establishment of business. Tem Credit facilities generally is allowed for longer term in nature.
Working Capital refers to the capital which is required to meet day to day expenses of the organization and
which is required to meet day to day expenses of the organization and which is employed in the current
assets like raw materials, debtors, bill-receivables etc. Thus working capital is required to utilize fixed
assets.
Working capital plays a very important role in business. It acts as a lubricant to run the wheels of fixed
assets. The effective provision and efficient utilization of working capital can lead to success of the
business.
Overview of Working Capital Assessment
Meaning of Working capital
Working capital is the amount of funds necessary to cover the cost of operating the business cycle of the
entrepreneur. This refers to the investment of the business unit in short term assets, cash, short term
securities, account receivables and inventories. It is the level of fund which a company must possess to
finance its day to day operation.
Definition: Working Capital, in banking perspective, is defined as:
❖ Funds required for acquisition of build up Current Assets generally for a period of one operating
cycle.
❖ Funds required for financing short term assets or Current Assets such as cash, Debtors and
inventories to enable business/industry to operate at the expected level.
❖ Funds required for meeting day-to-day operations like purchase of raw materials, spares & stores,
meeting manufacturing expenses like wages, power & fuel and storage & selling expenses of
finished goods etc. These expenses generally form part of Working capital or that capital of fund
which is required for keeping the wheels of production going on.
❖ Thus working capital represents the total funds required for running the operating cycle and
finance manufacturing, production and sales. Therefore it is called operating Capital or Short term
capital. Total funds required for the continuous operations of the business on a going basis.
❖ Financed as Cash Credit, Overdraft, Short Term Working Capital Loan etc,.
❖ Assessed for one year and renewed annually.
Basic Financial Concepts
1. Gross Working capital
2. Net Working Capital:
3. Working Capital Gap
A. Commercial Banks have traditionally been assessing working capital credit requirements on the
basis of the various components of chargeable assets held by a unit (i.e raw material, stocks in
process, finished goods , receivables, other current assets viz advance payments to suppliers
etc).
➢ Concept of Operating Cycle in working capital assessment
Assets which are part of the operating cycle or which get converted into cash within the operating
cycle or within one year are as:
1. Cash & Bank balance
2. Raw Material, Stock-in-Trade, Work in Progress (SIP), Stores & Spares, Finished goods.
3. Trade receivables ( Book Debts ,Sundry Debtors)
4. Advance Paid to suppliers of RM/Stock In Trade
5. Advances recoverable in cash or receivables
6. Balance with customs, Tax Authorities, port authorities, municipal authorities etc
7. Other current assets required in operations for manufacturing and trading process activity.
Operating Cycle Concept of Working Capital
The operating cycle concept of working capital envisages measurement of the average time taken by an
enterprise in manufacturing the goods and selling them for cash so that the funds can be deployed for
starting another batch of production. In other words, the operating cycle commences when cash is
initially injected into the system for purchase of the basic raw material components required for
production. The system completes one cycle when cash is realized out of the sale proceeds of finished
goods.
The process of manufacturing unit has to pass through the following stages to complete its operating
cycle.
(i) Conversion of cash into raw material –
(ii) Conversion of raw material into stock in process and to finished goods.
(iii) Conversion of finished goods into receivables/debtors or cash.
How to Measure Operating Cycle: The operating cycle is measured in terms of days of average
inventory need to be held for every major category of working capital components.
Computation of Important Concepts on the basis of Analysis of Financial Statements ( CMA)
Annual Consumption of Raw Material = Annual Purchases of Raw Material + Opening Stock of
Raw Material- Closing Stock of Raw Material.
Cost of production = Consumption of Raw Material ( Imported & Indigenous) + Consumables Spares
& Stores+ Power& Fuel+ Direct Labor+ Repairs & Maintenance+ Other manufacturing Expenses +
Depreciation+ Opening stock of SIP- Closing Stock of SIP.
Cost of production is treated as the denominator in computing the Holding Period in respect of stock
in process, while assessing working capital requirements of a manufacturing unit.
Cost of Sales (Cost of Goods Sold during an accounting year ) = Cost of production + Opening Stock of
Finished Goods- Closing Stock of Finished Goods. This is taken as denominator in the computation of
holding level of the stock of Finished Goods in the course of assessment of working capital
requirement.
Gross Sales: Gross Sales include excise component ( tax levied on manufacture of goods ).
There are various factors that need to be considered while accepting estimated Holding levels of
the various components of Working capital.
Though there are various methods used for assessing the quantum of Working
Capital Requirement for a Business Enterprise, the following are commonly used.
Broadly there are two types
(i) Balance Sheet Based (Working capital Cycle)
Under Balance Sheet Method comes, Traditional Method, Turnover method & PBS
(ii) Cash Budget Based
(a) Fixed capital, and
(b) Working capital.
Modern Industries and capital intensive by nature and its Fixed Capital includes lands and building, Plant
and Machinery, and tools and implements.
The requirement of finance to purchase fixed capital is essentially long term in nature.
The working capital, short term in nature, is required to purchase raw materials and meet day to day
administrative and other such expenses.
There are various sources of finance for a modern industrial unit. These sources are of two types
(a) Internal sources and (b) External Sources
Internal sources include paid up capital in the form of share subscription, ploughing back of profits and
reserves.
The external sources include debenture issue, public deposits, loans from Commercial banks and other
specialized institutions.
Lending operation of the commercial banks to the Industrial Units and other Business Enterprises are
governed by the guidelines issued by the Reserve bank of India.
As mentioned above, Banks finance is largely divided into two categories , i.e Term Credit and working
capital.
Term Credit refers to the funds required for investment in fixed or permanent assets like land, building,
plants, machineries, other fixed assets etc,. Fixed Capital in the nature of Term Credit is required for the
establishment of business. Tem Credit facilities generally is allowed for longer term in nature.
Working Capital refers to the capital which is required to meet day to day expenses of the organization and
which is required to meet day to day expenses of the organization and which is employed in the current
assets like raw materials, debtors, bill-receivables etc. Thus working capital is required to utilize fixed
assets.
Working capital plays a very important role in business. It acts as a lubricant to run the wheels of fixed
assets. The effective provision and efficient utilization of working capital can lead to success of the
business.
Overview of Working Capital Assessment
Meaning of Working capital
Working capital is the amount of funds necessary to cover the cost of operating the business cycle of the
entrepreneur. This refers to the investment of the business unit in short term assets, cash, short term
securities, account receivables and inventories. It is the level of fund which a company must possess to
finance its day to day operation.
Definition: Working Capital, in banking perspective, is defined as:
❖ Funds required for acquisition of build up Current Assets generally for a period of one operating
cycle.
❖ Funds required for financing short term assets or Current Assets such as cash, Debtors and
inventories to enable business/industry to operate at the expected level.
❖ Funds required for meeting day-to-day operations like purchase of raw materials, spares & stores,
meeting manufacturing expenses like wages, power & fuel and storage & selling expenses of
finished goods etc. These expenses generally form part of Working capital or that capital of fund
which is required for keeping the wheels of production going on.
❖ Thus working capital represents the total funds required for running the operating cycle and
finance manufacturing, production and sales. Therefore it is called operating Capital or Short term
capital. Total funds required for the continuous operations of the business on a going basis.
❖ Financed as Cash Credit, Overdraft, Short Term Working Capital Loan etc,.
❖ Assessed for one year and renewed annually.
Basic Financial Concepts
1. Gross Working capital
2. Net Working Capital:
3. Working Capital Gap
A. Commercial Banks have traditionally been assessing working capital credit requirements on the
basis of the various components of chargeable assets held by a unit (i.e raw material, stocks in
process, finished goods , receivables, other current assets viz advance payments to suppliers
etc).
➢ Concept of Operating Cycle in working capital assessment
Assets which are part of the operating cycle or which get converted into cash within the operating
cycle or within one year are as:
1. Cash & Bank balance
2. Raw Material, Stock-in-Trade, Work in Progress (SIP), Stores & Spares, Finished goods.
3. Trade receivables ( Book Debts ,Sundry Debtors)
4. Advance Paid to suppliers of RM/Stock In Trade
5. Advances recoverable in cash or receivables
6. Balance with customs, Tax Authorities, port authorities, municipal authorities etc
7. Other current assets required in operations for manufacturing and trading process activity.
Operating Cycle Concept of Working Capital
The operating cycle concept of working capital envisages measurement of the average time taken by an
enterprise in manufacturing the goods and selling them for cash so that the funds can be deployed for
starting another batch of production. In other words, the operating cycle commences when cash is
initially injected into the system for purchase of the basic raw material components required for
production. The system completes one cycle when cash is realized out of the sale proceeds of finished
goods.
The process of manufacturing unit has to pass through the following stages to complete its operating
cycle.
(i) Conversion of cash into raw material –
(ii) Conversion of raw material into stock in process and to finished goods.
(iii) Conversion of finished goods into receivables/debtors or cash.
How to Measure Operating Cycle: The operating cycle is measured in terms of days of average
inventory need to be held for every major category of working capital components.
Computation of Important Concepts on the basis of Analysis of Financial Statements ( CMA)
Annual Consumption of Raw Material = Annual Purchases of Raw Material + Opening Stock of
Raw Material- Closing Stock of Raw Material.
Cost of production = Consumption of Raw Material ( Imported & Indigenous) + Consumables Spares
& Stores+ Power& Fuel+ Direct Labor+ Repairs & Maintenance+ Other manufacturing Expenses +
Depreciation+ Opening stock of SIP- Closing Stock of SIP.
Cost of production is treated as the denominator in computing the Holding Period in respect of stock
in process, while assessing working capital requirements of a manufacturing unit.
Cost of Sales (Cost of Goods Sold during an accounting year ) = Cost of production + Opening Stock of
Finished Goods- Closing Stock of Finished Goods. This is taken as denominator in the computation of
holding level of the stock of Finished Goods in the course of assessment of working capital
requirement.
Gross Sales: Gross Sales include excise component ( tax levied on manufacture of goods ).
There are various factors that need to be considered while accepting estimated Holding levels of
the various components of Working capital.
Though there are various methods used for assessing the quantum of Working
Capital Requirement for a Business Enterprise, the following are commonly used.
Broadly there are two types
(i) Balance Sheet Based (Working capital Cycle)
Under Balance Sheet Method comes, Traditional Method, Turnover method & PBS
(ii) Cash Budget Based
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