MCQ ON RISK MANAGEMENT
1. Risk is defined as uncertainties resulting in:
a) Adverse outcome, adverse in relation to planned objectives or expectations
b) Adverse variation of profitability or outright losses (financial risk)
c) Both (a) & (b) d) None of these
2. Financial Risk is defined as
a) Uncertainties in cash flow b) Variations in net cash flow
c) Uncertainties resulting in outright losses
d) Uncertainties resulting in adverse variation of profitability e) Both (c) & (d)
3. Uncertainties in cash inflows and / or outflows create uncertainties in:
a) net cash flow b) profits c) Both (a) & (b) d) none of these
4_ Which of the following is not correct?
a) Lower risk implies lower variability in net cash flow
b) Higher variability in net cash flow may result in higher profits or higher losses
c) Higher risk would imply higher upside and downside potential
d) Zero risk would imply no variation in net cash flow e) None of these
5. Return on zero risk investment would be ----as compared to other opportunities
available in the market ; a) high ,b) low c) medium d) higher or low depending upon type of investment Strategic risk is a type
of : a) exchange risk b) liquidity risk c) interest rate risk d) operational risk e) none of these
6. Investment in RBI bonds at 6.5% interest rate with a maturity of 5 years is investment.
a) zero risk b) lower risk c) medium risk d) high risk
7. The capital requirement of a business would be lower when there is :
a) lower variation in net cash flow b) lower risk
c) lower possibility of loss d) all of these e) none of these
8. The key driver in managing a business is seeking enhancement in
a) Return on investment b) Risk Management capability
c) risk adjusted return on capital d) all of these e) None of these
9. Risk adjusted return on investment is:
a) Netting risk in a business or investment against the return from this
b) Managing risk on investments
c) Managing-return on investment through risk management
d) Adjusting return on investment against the risk
11.An investment will be more preferred and higher will be the reward to investors when:
a) RAROC is higher b) RAROC is lower c) RAROC is one d) none of these
12.The banking book is generally not exposed to : a) liquidity risk b) interest rate risk c) credit risk
d) operational risk e) None of these
13.Which of the following is / are characteristics of the assets held in Trading Book?
a) They are normally not held until maturity
b) They are normally held until maturity and accrual system of accounting is applied
c) Mark to market system is followed d) Both (a) & (c) e) Both (b) & (c)
14.Trading book is mainly exposed to
a) Market Risk b) Market Liquidity Risk c) Credit Risk
d) Operational Risk e) All of these
15.The transactions relating to guarantees, letters of credit, committed or back up credit lines form part of a) Banking Book b) Trading
Book, c) Off Balance Sheet Exposures d) All of these
16.The liquidity risk of banks arises from :
a) Funding of long term assets by short term liabilities
b) Funding of short term assets by long term liabilities
c) Funding of long term liabilities by short term assets
d) None of these
17. Funding liquidity risk is defined as:
a) Excess of liabilities over assets
b) Excess of long term liabilities over long term assets
c) Excess of short term liabilities over short term assets
d) Inability to obtain funds to meet cash flow obligations
18. Liquidity risk in banks manifest in different dimensions. Which of the
a) Funding risk arises from the need to replace net outflows withdrawal / non renewal of deposits
b) Time risk arises from the need to compensate for non receipt funds e.g. NPA
c) Call risk arises due to crystallization of contingent liabilities
d) Both (a) & (b) e) None of these
19.Where an asset maturing in two years at a fixed by a liability
risk will be: a) Basis risk b) Yield curve riskc) Gap risk d) embedded option Risk
20.The risk of adverse variance of the mark to market value of change in market prices of interest rate instruments, equities, is called: a)
Price Risk b) Market Risk c) Translation Risk d) Both a & b
21.ln the financial market bond prices and yields are
a) inversely related b) directly related ,
c) inversely or directly related depending on type of bond d) none of these
22.When a bank is unable to conclude a large transaction in a particular instrument near the current market price, it is called as a)
Market risk b) Market Liquidity risk c) Default risk d) counter party risk
23.Potential of a bank borrower or counterparty to fail to meet its obligations according to agreed terms is called: a) credit risk b)
default risk c) market liquidity d) market risk e) either (a) or (b)
24.The risk related to non performance of the trading partners due to counter party's refusal
and or inability to perform is called ------risk : a) Liquidity, b) Operational , c) Counter Party , d) None
25. Country risk is an example of
a) Market risk b) Credit risk c) Operational risk d) Liquidity risk
The risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events is called as
risk
a) legal b) compliance c) Fraud d) Operational
26. Which of the following is not a operational risk?
a) Compliance risk b) Transaction risk c) Legal Risk
d) Counter party risk e) System risk
27. Strategic Risk and Reputation Risk fall in the category of
a) Market risk b) credit risk c) Operational risk d) none of these
Risk arising from fraud, failed business processes and inability to maintain business continuity : a) Transaction risk b)
compliance risk c) credit risk d) none of these
28. Risk of legal or regulatory sanction, financial loss or reputation loss that a bank may suffer as a result of its failure
to comply with any or all of the applicable laws, regulations etc. is called as:
a) Transaction risk b) Compliance risk, c) legal risk d) Systems risk
31.Risk arising from adverse business decisions, improper implementation of decisions, or lack of responsiveness to industry changes is
called:
a) Reputation risk b) Strategic risk c) Operational risk d) Management risk
32. Reputation Risk which arises from negative public opinion may result in:
a) exposing an institution to litigation b) financial loss
c) decline in customer base d) all of these e) none of these
33.Risk associated with a portfolio is always less than the weighted average of risks of individual items in the portfolio due to
a) Diversification of risks
b) The fact that all accounts in a portfolio will not behave in unidirectional manner
c) The fact that risks in all the accounts in a portfolio will not materialize simultaneously,
d) Both (a) & (b) only e) All of these
34.Aggregated risk of the organizations as a whole is called:
a) Transaction risk b) Portfolio risk c) Total risk d) None of these
ANSWER : TEST YOUR SELF – RISK AND BANKING BUSINESS
1 A 2 E 3 C 4 E 5 B 6 E 7 A 8 D 9 C 10 A
11 A 12 E 13 D 14 E 15 C 16 A 17 D 18 E 19 C 20 D
21 A 22 B 23 E 24 C 25 B 26 D 27 D 28 D 29 A 30 B
31 B 32 D 33 E 34 B
MCQ ON RISK MANAGEMENT
1. Risk is defined as uncertainties resulting in:
a) Adverse outcome, adverse in relation to planned objectives or expectations
b) Adverse variation of profitability or outright losses (financial risk)
c) Both (a) & (b) d) None of these
2. Financial Risk is defined as
a) Uncertainties in cash flow b) Variations in net cash flow
c) Uncertainties resulting in outright losses
d) Uncertainties resulting in adverse variation of profitability e) Both (c) & (d)
3. Uncertainties in cash inflows and / or outflows create uncertainties in:
a) net cash flow b) profits c) Both (a) & (b) d) none of these
4_ Which of the following is not correct?
a) Lower risk implies lower variability in net cash flow
b) Higher variability in net cash flow may result in higher profits or higher losses
c) Higher risk would imply higher upside and downside potential
d) Zero risk would imply no variation in net cash flow e) None of these
5. Return on zero risk investment would be ----as compared to other opportunities
available in the market ; a) high ,b) low c) medium d) higher or low depending upon type of investment Strategic risk is a type
of : a) exchange risk b) liquidity risk c) interest rate risk d) operational risk e) none of these
6. Investment in RBI bonds at 6.5% interest rate with a maturity of 5 years is investment.
a) zero risk b) lower risk c) medium risk d) high risk
7. The capital requirement of a business would be lower when there is :
a) lower variation in net cash flow b) lower risk
c) lower possibility of loss d) all of these e) none of these
8. The key driver in managing a business is seeking enhancement in
a) Return on investment b) Risk Management capability
c) risk adjusted return on capital d) all of these e) None of these
9. Risk adjusted return on investment is:
a) Netting risk in a business or investment against the return from this
b) Managing risk on investments
c) Managing-return on investment through risk management
d) Adjusting return on investment against the risk
11.An investment will be more preferred and higher will be the reward to investors when:
a) RAROC is higher b) RAROC is lower c) RAROC is one d) none of these
12.The banking book is generally not exposed to : a) liquidity risk b) interest rate risk c) credit risk
d) operational risk e) None of these
13.Which of the following is / are characteristics of the assets held in Trading Book?
a) They are normally not held until maturity
b) They are normally held until maturity and accrual system of accounting is applied
c) Mark to market system is followed d) Both (a) & (c) e) Both (b) & (c)
14.Trading book is mainly exposed to
a) Market Risk b) Market Liquidity Risk c) Credit Risk
d) Operational Risk e) All of these
15.The transactions relating to guarantees, letters of credit, committed or back up credit lines form part of a) Banking Book b) Trading
Book, c) Off Balance Sheet Exposures d) All of these
16.The liquidity risk of banks arises from :
a) Funding of long term assets by short term liabilities
b) Funding of short term assets by long term liabilities
c) Funding of long term liabilities by short term assets
d) None of these
17. Funding liquidity risk is defined as:
a) Excess of liabilities over assets
b) Excess of long term liabilities over long term assets
c) Excess of short term liabilities over short term assets
d) Inability to obtain funds to meet cash flow obligations
18. Liquidity risk in banks manifest in different dimensions. Which of the
a) Funding risk arises from the need to replace net outflows withdrawal / non renewal of deposits
b) Time risk arises from the need to compensate for non receipt funds e.g. NPA
c) Call risk arises due to crystallization of contingent liabilities
d) Both (a) & (b) e) None of these
19.Where an asset maturing in two years at a fixed by a liability
risk will be: a) Basis risk b) Yield curve riskc) Gap risk d) embedded option Risk
20.The risk of adverse variance of the mark to market value of change in market prices of interest rate instruments, equities, is called: a)
Price Risk b) Market Risk c) Translation Risk d) Both a & b
21.ln the financial market bond prices and yields are
a) inversely related b) directly related ,
c) inversely or directly related depending on type of bond d) none of these
22.When a bank is unable to conclude a large transaction in a particular instrument near the current market price, it is called as a)
Market risk b) Market Liquidity risk c) Default risk d) counter party risk
23.Potential of a bank borrower or counterparty to fail to meet its obligations according to agreed terms is called: a) credit risk b)
default risk c) market liquidity d) market risk e) either (a) or (b)
24.The risk related to non performance of the trading partners due to counter party's refusal
and or inability to perform is called ------risk : a) Liquidity, b) Operational , c) Counter Party , d) None
25. Country risk is an example of
a) Market risk b) Credit risk c) Operational risk d) Liquidity risk
The risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events is called as
risk
a) legal b) compliance c) Fraud d) Operational
26. Which of the following is not a operational risk?
a) Compliance risk b) Transaction risk c) Legal Risk
d) Counter party risk e) System risk
27. Strategic Risk and Reputation Risk fall in the category of
a) Market risk b) credit risk c) Operational risk d) none of these
Risk arising from fraud, failed business processes and inability to maintain business continuity : a) Transaction risk b)
compliance risk c) credit risk d) none of these
28. Risk of legal or regulatory sanction, financial loss or reputation loss that a bank may suffer as a result of its failure
to comply with any or all of the applicable laws, regulations etc. is called as:
a) Transaction risk b) Compliance risk, c) legal risk d) Systems risk
31.Risk arising from adverse business decisions, improper implementation of decisions, or lack of responsiveness to industry changes is
called:
a) Reputation risk b) Strategic risk c) Operational risk d) Management risk
32. Reputation Risk which arises from negative public opinion may result in:
a) exposing an institution to litigation b) financial loss
c) decline in customer base d) all of these e) none of these
33.Risk associated with a portfolio is always less than the weighted average of risks of individual items in the portfolio due to
a) Diversification of risks
b) The fact that all accounts in a portfolio will not behave in unidirectional manner
c) The fact that risks in all the accounts in a portfolio will not materialize simultaneously,
d) Both (a) & (b) only e) All of these
34.Aggregated risk of the organizations as a whole is called:
a) Transaction risk b) Portfolio risk c) Total risk d) None of these
ANSWER : TEST YOUR SELF – RISK AND BANKING BUSINESS
1 A 2 E 3 C 4 E 5 B 6 E 7 A 8 D 9 C 10 A
11 A 12 E 13 D 14 E 15 C 16 A 17 D 18 E 19 C 20 D
21 A 22 B 23 E 24 C 25 B 26 D 27 D 28 D 29 A 30 B
31 B 32 D 33 E 34 B
Thursday, 26 March 2020
Certified treasury professional exam on 28.12.19
Certified treasury professional exam 28.12.19
1)question on price yield curve like nature of curve,meaning of intersection of curve with price axis, etc 5 question
2)option question... Like in the money, at the money, out of money, time Valueof option, intrinsic, call put questions on option based on strike and spot price
3)forward rate agreement.. Numerical 5 marks as per mac mill an book with some changes
4)repo question numerical like forward leg ready leg numerical as per mc millian book
5)bond question npv of coupons and principal related questions 5 marks
6)commercial paper theory questions 5 marks like who can issue, whether cp gives coupon, net worth for issuing cp etc.. Read Mac millian book ,all questions answerable
7)question on forex tt rate bill rate based on nature of transactions which rate to be selected.. 5 questions
8)numecrical on yield calculations and prices calculations for t bills.. Numerical similar to what has been given in appendix at back of Macmillan book 5 question
9)theoretical question were also conceptual.. Question related to bond option derivative swap
Overall questions were medium level of toughness for those who have not worked in this area
These questions I can recollect
Best of luck to those who wish to appear for CTP exam.
Numerical based on FRA, CURRENCY EXCHANGE, REPO TRANSCATION, BOND/YTM, YIELDS ON T-BILL, CURRENT YIELD
A 5 MARKS EASY SET OF QUESTION FROM COMMERCIAL PAPER
Other Theory questions from Bond theorem, Delta, gama etc.
35-40 marks numerical is there.
1)question on price yield curve like nature of curve,meaning of intersection of curve with price axis, etc 5 question
2)option question... Like in the money, at the money, out of money, time Valueof option, intrinsic, call put questions on option based on strike and spot price
3)forward rate agreement.. Numerical 5 marks as per mac mill an book with some changes
4)repo question numerical like forward leg ready leg numerical as per mc millian book
5)bond question npv of coupons and principal related questions 5 marks
6)commercial paper theory questions 5 marks like who can issue, whether cp gives coupon, net worth for issuing cp etc.. Read Mac millian book ,all questions answerable
7)question on forex tt rate bill rate based on nature of transactions which rate to be selected.. 5 questions
8)numecrical on yield calculations and prices calculations for t bills.. Numerical similar to what has been given in appendix at back of Macmillan book 5 question
9)theoretical question were also conceptual.. Question related to bond option derivative swap
Overall questions were medium level of toughness for those who have not worked in this area
These questions I can recollect
Best of luck to those who wish to appear for CTP exam.
Numerical based on FRA, CURRENCY EXCHANGE, REPO TRANSCATION, BOND/YTM, YIELDS ON T-BILL, CURRENT YIELD
A 5 MARKS EASY SET OF QUESTION FROM COMMERCIAL PAPER
Other Theory questions from Bond theorem, Delta, gama etc.
35-40 marks numerical is there.
Very important and useful General banking bits
Very important and useful General banking bits
1. A customer Mr Sharma had credit balance 40,000 in his saving ac and also had an OD ac with
overdue Debit balance of 20,000.Bank debits his saving account and adjusts OD ac. The bank is
said to have exercised Right of: Set-off
2. A Minor has extended Guarantee to a loan. It can be ratified by whom? It cannot be ratified by
any one.
3. A savings account becomes inoperative when it not operated for: 2 years
4. A term deposit of a HUF has become due. At the time of renewal, the Karta of HUF informs that
he has become Senior Citizen. What rate of interest will be given on term deposit? : Normal
interest rate. No benefit of senior citizen to be given
5. Additional interest is paid to senior citizens on which time FD: All fixed deposits (may vary from
bank to bank)
6. After Nomination in an account, what is the status of the nominee?: Trustee of legal heirs
7. An account of a customer can be closed in normal course on the request of the customer.
What are the other methods for closing account of a customer – (a) By negotiation; (b) As per
provisions of law; (c) After notice to customer in respect of undesirable accounts: Ans is C
8. An Illiterate person is generally not allowed to open which account – saving, term deposit,
recurring deposit, small account, Current Account: Current account.
9. As per RBI guidelines, Demand draft of Rs 50,000 and above should be issued against : by debit
to account but not against cash
10. As per RBI guidelines, minimum amount of deposit to open BSBDA account is: NIL
11. As per Sukanya Samridhi Account (SSA) the tenure of deposit is for years from the date of
opening of the account: 21 years
12. Bank is not required to produce original book of records but true copy can be submitted when
court has demanded as per which act? a) Civil procedure code b) Registration act c) B.R. Act d)
RBI act e) Banker Books Evidence Act.
13. Banker Customer relationship for deposits is ____: Debtor – Creditor.
14. Banker customer relationship in Safe Custody: Bailee Bailor.
15. Banker customer relationship in standing instruction: Agent – Principal
16. Bankers prefer Saving Deposits than Term deposits. Why?: Because cost of deposits for SB is
less.
17. Banks can decide interest rates of NRI, NRO or Term Deposits: Yes
18. Banks can raise what type of deposits?: Term and Demand Deposits
19. Banks should have the responsibility of currency management entrusted to a nodal official of the
rank not less than that of a General Manager and will be accountable for the obligations cast
upon currency chests by the Reserve Bank.
20. BC work as : Bank’s Agent
21. Business Correspondent can be identified by whom?: BDO,Post Master, Head of Village
Panchayat, other BC.
22. Business correspondents for banking for : serving weaker sections of society
23. Call money deposit is part of the sector : Organised sector
24. Complaints under Consumer forum should be dealt with within (Where no testing of commodities
is required) : 90 days.
25. Customer OD A/c has overdrawn Rs 2000/-. Saving A/c has balance Rs 3000. The bank adjusts
the OD A/c by which right: Set off.
26. DD of Rs.50000/- in cash : not allowed
27. Death claim settlement in how many days?: 15 days
28. Deposits held in Joint accounts; b) Corporate Deposits; c)
Inter-Bank deposit; d) Deposits of HUFs: Ans is Inter-Bank deposits.
29. Deposits which are not claimed for__years are required to be transferred by banks to
RBI: 10 years
30. DICGC cover is available in which of the following cases a) Credit balance in Cash Credit Account
b) Overdue Deposit c) Deposit of Government Department?: A & B
31. Differential rate of interest can be paid on fixed deposit if single deposit is for: Rs.1.00 crore
and above
32. Direct Tax Code will replace which of the following – Income Tax Act, Corporate Tax Act: Income
Tax Act.
33. Encashment of FOR with interest - payment can be made in cash if it is less than Rs 20000
34. Financial Inclusion means: providing banking services at affordable cost to the poor/distressed.
35. FULL FORM OF CASA? : CURRENT ACCOUNT & SAVING ACCOUNT
36. Garnishee order is not applicable to: a) Savings b) Current c) FD d) CC/OD with debit
balance: CC/OD with debit balance.
37. Govt. has decided to demonetize all the coins of paise 25 and below w.e.f. 30-6-2011.
38. How much amount can be deposited in a small account in a financial year?: Rs one lac
39. How much amount can be withdrawn from a small account in a month?: Rs 10,000
40. If in Garnishee Order no amount is mentioned, what should the bank do? Full amount to be
attached.
41. If payment of Rs 20000/- is made in cash in case of FDR what is the penalty: equal to the
amount paid
42. Illiterate account holder, how many witness for nomination: two
43. In Basic Savings Bank Deposit Account in all their accounts taken together and the total credit in
all the accounts taken together is not expected to exceed _____ in a year has been simplified to
enable those belonging to low income groups without documents of identity and proof of
residence to open banks accounts: 1,00,000/-.
44. In case Fixed Deposits account the rate of interest fixed by whom: Board of Directors of
respective bank.
45. In case of a/c transfer, with in how many days the address proof has to be submitted in the
transferee branch? Six Months
46. In case of an illiterate customer, process of nomination requires witnesses by how many
persons?: Thumb impression requires 2 witnesses.
47. In case of Deposit Insurance whether it mandatory or not: It is Mandatory for all banks.
48. In case of Deposit Insurance, Insurance premium is paid to DICGC by bank and depositor in
which ratio?: Entirely by bank.
49. In case of insurance of deposits by DICGC, premium is paid by: Bank. 100% of the premium
is paid by the bank and not by depositor.
50. In case of insurance of deposits by DICGC, what is the premium sharing ratio between bank and
depositor?: 100% of insurance premium is paid by the bank.
51. In case of Minor what is wrong? Minor can make himself liable for his actions.
52. IN CASE OF TRANSFER OF ACCOUNT, WITHIN HOW MANY DAYS, THE ACCOUNT HOLDER
SHOULD ADVISE NEW ADDRESS?: TWO WEEKS
53. In how many years of no transaction does a saving and current account become inoperative? :
two years
54. In Limited liability Partnership what is the liability of partner?: Amount agreed to be
contributed by partner at the time of joining partnership.
55. In saving accounts, interest is calculated on the basis of: daily product basis.
56. In Senior Citizen Saving Scheme account, who can be joint account holder?:Spouse
57. In small accounts as per RBI- No min. balance, nil/minimal charges etc
58. In small accounts monthly withdrawals to be upto- Rs.10000/-
59. Insurance of deposit is done by DICGC up to: Rs 1 lac per depositor per bank.
60. Interest rate on Saving Deposit is decided by : Banks individually
61. Interest rate on Savings accounts: Not regulated by RBI
62. Max amt for tax saver FD: Rs 150000
63. Maximum amount of deposit in Tax Saving Scheme of the bank can be: Rs 1,50,000
64. Maximum deposit for allocating a locker: 3 year advance rent plus locker breaking charges
65. Maximum period of NRE deposit: Bank Discretion.
66. Minimum and Maximum amount that can be deposited in PPF account is _____: Minimum Rs.
500/- & Maximum Rs. 1.50 lacs.
67. Minimum Lock in period for Tax saver FDR: 5 Years
68. Minimum Maturity Period for Certificate of Deposit is : 7 days
69. Missing person treated as having expired if missing for: 7 years
70. No Frills Accounts are opened for: Financial Inclusion
71. No of digits in Aadhar : 12
72. Non Resident (External) fixed deposit is normally accepted for a period of (a) 1 year to 3 year
(b) 1year to 5 year (c) 1 year to 4 year (d) 1 year to 7 year (e) 6 months to 3 year: 1 year to 3
year (As per RBI it is minimum 1 year and maximum bank discretion)
73. OD in PMJDY account upto: Rs. 5,000/-.
74. On a cheque presented for payment, amount is written in words but all other items are written in
Regional Language. What should the bank do?: Pay the cheque
75. Pensioner account can be opened jointly with? Spouse as Either of Survivor or Former or
Survivor.
76. Rate of Interest in Sukanya Samridhi Account for 2015-16: 9.20% & 8.6% FOR 2016-17
77. Relation between bank and judgment debtor: debtor & creditor.
78. Safe custody of Articles comes under which Act: Indian Contract Act.
79. Star series note can be issued in denomination of Rs 100 also. (earlier only Rs 10, 20 & 50)
80. Super senior citizen after: 80 years of age
81. The balance in the account is Rs 15000. A cheque of Rs 30000 was sent for collection. Before it
is realized a cheque for Rs 20000 has been presented for payment. What should the bank do –
(a) Return with reason effects not yet cleared. Present again; (b) Pay the cheque; (c) Return
with reason exceeds arrangement; (d) Return with reason Refer to Drawer; (e) Return with
reason Insufficient Funds: Insufficient Funds
82. The minimum & maximum period of certificate of deposit is : 7 days, 12 months
83. There is a credit balance in the saving account and there is a overdraft in the current account
amounting to Rs 555. Both accounts are in the same name. Bank wants to adjust credit balance
of saving bank account towards payment of overdraft. As per which right, bank can do this?:
Right of Set Off.
84. Under Sukanya Samridhi Account (SSA) the maximum period upto which the deposits can be
made is for ___ years from the date of opening of the account: 14 years
85. Under Sukanya Samridhi Account (SSA) the minimum amount of deposit is Rs 1,000 and Under
Sukanya Samridhi Account (SSA), the bank account will be opened for a girl child upto the age
of: 10 years
86. Under Sukanya Samridhi Account (SSA), the current rate of interest on deposits is which is the
highest amongst all other Govt. Saving Schemes: 9.20% & 8.6% FOR 2016-17
87. What are the Service charges for using ATMs of other banks for balance enquiries: Rs.20 for
Financial & Rs. 10 for Non- Financial upto 5 transactions ( 3 at Metros)
88. What documents are required for opening a small account?: Self attested photo and address
89. What is the bankers-customer relationship in case of deposits? Debtor – Creditor
90. What is the distance criteria for office of Business Correspondent?: The distance between the
place of business of a retail outlet/sub-agent of BC and the base branch should ordinarily not
exceed 30 kms in rural, semi-urban and urban areas and 5 kms in metropolitan centers.
91. What is the maximum amount of loan that can be granted against FCNR deposit? No limit.
92. What is the periodicity of review of risk classification of customers?: Every six months
93. What is the rate of interest payable on an overdue FD for overdue period if customer demands
payment and does not renew the same?: Saving Bank Rate
94. What is the special feature of Basic banking Account? Account can be opened with nil or very
small amount and there are no requirement of minimum balance.
95. What type of account can be opened in the name of NRI jointly with residents? NRO /NRE/FCNR
(earlier only NRO)
96. What type of activity can be performed by Business Correspondent - (a) processing and
submission of applications to banks; (b) disbursal of small value credit, (c) recovery of principal /
collection of interest (iv) collection of small value deposits: All of these
97. When a person wants to open an account with a bank but does not have proof of identification
and address, what type of account can be opened?: Small account
98. When Letter of Administration issued: When the person dies without leaving the Will- Intestate.
99. Whether “WILL” has to be registered? Not required.
100. Which form is used for cancellation of nomination in deposit accounts?: DA -2
101. Which is not a proof of Identity?: Ration card.
102. Which is the most important document for opening a Trust Account?: Trust Deed
103. Which of the following forms will be used for allowing exemption to a depositor aged 61 years
: Form 15 H
104. Which of these rates are periodically reviewed by RBI?: Repo rate, Bank rate, but not Savings
Bank Rate.
105. While opening account, a bank, in addition to observing various provisions of Indian Contract
Act should also – exercise utmost care and attention; look at profitability from account; exercise
due diligence: Due diligence
106. While opening the account with a bank, prospective customer is required to submit – PAN No
or Form 60 or 61
107. Who are eligible for preferential rate of interest under NRE deposits: a) Staff b) Senior citizen
c) Staff cum Senior Citizen d) none of these?: None of these
108. Who can do nomination in the account of a Minor?: Can be done by guardian not by
minor
109. Who of the following can exercise nomination – HUF, limited company, trust, Partnership firm,
sole proprietorship firm?: Sole Proprietorship firm.
1. A customer Mr Sharma had credit balance 40,000 in his saving ac and also had an OD ac with
overdue Debit balance of 20,000.Bank debits his saving account and adjusts OD ac. The bank is
said to have exercised Right of: Set-off
2. A Minor has extended Guarantee to a loan. It can be ratified by whom? It cannot be ratified by
any one.
3. A savings account becomes inoperative when it not operated for: 2 years
4. A term deposit of a HUF has become due. At the time of renewal, the Karta of HUF informs that
he has become Senior Citizen. What rate of interest will be given on term deposit? : Normal
interest rate. No benefit of senior citizen to be given
5. Additional interest is paid to senior citizens on which time FD: All fixed deposits (may vary from
bank to bank)
6. After Nomination in an account, what is the status of the nominee?: Trustee of legal heirs
7. An account of a customer can be closed in normal course on the request of the customer.
What are the other methods for closing account of a customer – (a) By negotiation; (b) As per
provisions of law; (c) After notice to customer in respect of undesirable accounts: Ans is C
8. An Illiterate person is generally not allowed to open which account – saving, term deposit,
recurring deposit, small account, Current Account: Current account.
9. As per RBI guidelines, Demand draft of Rs 50,000 and above should be issued against : by debit
to account but not against cash
10. As per RBI guidelines, minimum amount of deposit to open BSBDA account is: NIL
11. As per Sukanya Samridhi Account (SSA) the tenure of deposit is for years from the date of
opening of the account: 21 years
12. Bank is not required to produce original book of records but true copy can be submitted when
court has demanded as per which act? a) Civil procedure code b) Registration act c) B.R. Act d)
RBI act e) Banker Books Evidence Act.
13. Banker Customer relationship for deposits is ____: Debtor – Creditor.
14. Banker customer relationship in Safe Custody: Bailee Bailor.
15. Banker customer relationship in standing instruction: Agent – Principal
16. Bankers prefer Saving Deposits than Term deposits. Why?: Because cost of deposits for SB is
less.
17. Banks can decide interest rates of NRI, NRO or Term Deposits: Yes
18. Banks can raise what type of deposits?: Term and Demand Deposits
19. Banks should have the responsibility of currency management entrusted to a nodal official of the
rank not less than that of a General Manager and will be accountable for the obligations cast
upon currency chests by the Reserve Bank.
20. BC work as : Bank’s Agent
21. Business Correspondent can be identified by whom?: BDO,Post Master, Head of Village
Panchayat, other BC.
22. Business correspondents for banking for : serving weaker sections of society
23. Call money deposit is part of the sector : Organised sector
24. Complaints under Consumer forum should be dealt with within (Where no testing of commodities
is required) : 90 days.
25. Customer OD A/c has overdrawn Rs 2000/-. Saving A/c has balance Rs 3000. The bank adjusts
the OD A/c by which right: Set off.
26. DD of Rs.50000/- in cash : not allowed
27. Death claim settlement in how many days?: 15 days
28. Deposits held in Joint accounts; b) Corporate Deposits; c)
Inter-Bank deposit; d) Deposits of HUFs: Ans is Inter-Bank deposits.
29. Deposits which are not claimed for__years are required to be transferred by banks to
RBI: 10 years
30. DICGC cover is available in which of the following cases a) Credit balance in Cash Credit Account
b) Overdue Deposit c) Deposit of Government Department?: A & B
31. Differential rate of interest can be paid on fixed deposit if single deposit is for: Rs.1.00 crore
and above
32. Direct Tax Code will replace which of the following – Income Tax Act, Corporate Tax Act: Income
Tax Act.
33. Encashment of FOR with interest - payment can be made in cash if it is less than Rs 20000
34. Financial Inclusion means: providing banking services at affordable cost to the poor/distressed.
35. FULL FORM OF CASA? : CURRENT ACCOUNT & SAVING ACCOUNT
36. Garnishee order is not applicable to: a) Savings b) Current c) FD d) CC/OD with debit
balance: CC/OD with debit balance.
37. Govt. has decided to demonetize all the coins of paise 25 and below w.e.f. 30-6-2011.
38. How much amount can be deposited in a small account in a financial year?: Rs one lac
39. How much amount can be withdrawn from a small account in a month?: Rs 10,000
40. If in Garnishee Order no amount is mentioned, what should the bank do? Full amount to be
attached.
41. If payment of Rs 20000/- is made in cash in case of FDR what is the penalty: equal to the
amount paid
42. Illiterate account holder, how many witness for nomination: two
43. In Basic Savings Bank Deposit Account in all their accounts taken together and the total credit in
all the accounts taken together is not expected to exceed _____ in a year has been simplified to
enable those belonging to low income groups without documents of identity and proof of
residence to open banks accounts: 1,00,000/-.
44. In case Fixed Deposits account the rate of interest fixed by whom: Board of Directors of
respective bank.
45. In case of a/c transfer, with in how many days the address proof has to be submitted in the
transferee branch? Six Months
46. In case of an illiterate customer, process of nomination requires witnesses by how many
persons?: Thumb impression requires 2 witnesses.
47. In case of Deposit Insurance whether it mandatory or not: It is Mandatory for all banks.
48. In case of Deposit Insurance, Insurance premium is paid to DICGC by bank and depositor in
which ratio?: Entirely by bank.
49. In case of insurance of deposits by DICGC, premium is paid by: Bank. 100% of the premium
is paid by the bank and not by depositor.
50. In case of insurance of deposits by DICGC, what is the premium sharing ratio between bank and
depositor?: 100% of insurance premium is paid by the bank.
51. In case of Minor what is wrong? Minor can make himself liable for his actions.
52. IN CASE OF TRANSFER OF ACCOUNT, WITHIN HOW MANY DAYS, THE ACCOUNT HOLDER
SHOULD ADVISE NEW ADDRESS?: TWO WEEKS
53. In how many years of no transaction does a saving and current account become inoperative? :
two years
54. In Limited liability Partnership what is the liability of partner?: Amount agreed to be
contributed by partner at the time of joining partnership.
55. In saving accounts, interest is calculated on the basis of: daily product basis.
56. In Senior Citizen Saving Scheme account, who can be joint account holder?:Spouse
57. In small accounts as per RBI- No min. balance, nil/minimal charges etc
58. In small accounts monthly withdrawals to be upto- Rs.10000/-
59. Insurance of deposit is done by DICGC up to: Rs 1 lac per depositor per bank.
60. Interest rate on Saving Deposit is decided by : Banks individually
61. Interest rate on Savings accounts: Not regulated by RBI
62. Max amt for tax saver FD: Rs 150000
63. Maximum amount of deposit in Tax Saving Scheme of the bank can be: Rs 1,50,000
64. Maximum deposit for allocating a locker: 3 year advance rent plus locker breaking charges
65. Maximum period of NRE deposit: Bank Discretion.
66. Minimum and Maximum amount that can be deposited in PPF account is _____: Minimum Rs.
500/- & Maximum Rs. 1.50 lacs.
67. Minimum Lock in period for Tax saver FDR: 5 Years
68. Minimum Maturity Period for Certificate of Deposit is : 7 days
69. Missing person treated as having expired if missing for: 7 years
70. No Frills Accounts are opened for: Financial Inclusion
71. No of digits in Aadhar : 12
72. Non Resident (External) fixed deposit is normally accepted for a period of (a) 1 year to 3 year
(b) 1year to 5 year (c) 1 year to 4 year (d) 1 year to 7 year (e) 6 months to 3 year: 1 year to 3
year (As per RBI it is minimum 1 year and maximum bank discretion)
73. OD in PMJDY account upto: Rs. 5,000/-.
74. On a cheque presented for payment, amount is written in words but all other items are written in
Regional Language. What should the bank do?: Pay the cheque
75. Pensioner account can be opened jointly with? Spouse as Either of Survivor or Former or
Survivor.
76. Rate of Interest in Sukanya Samridhi Account for 2015-16: 9.20% & 8.6% FOR 2016-17
77. Relation between bank and judgment debtor: debtor & creditor.
78. Safe custody of Articles comes under which Act: Indian Contract Act.
79. Star series note can be issued in denomination of Rs 100 also. (earlier only Rs 10, 20 & 50)
80. Super senior citizen after: 80 years of age
81. The balance in the account is Rs 15000. A cheque of Rs 30000 was sent for collection. Before it
is realized a cheque for Rs 20000 has been presented for payment. What should the bank do –
(a) Return with reason effects not yet cleared. Present again; (b) Pay the cheque; (c) Return
with reason exceeds arrangement; (d) Return with reason Refer to Drawer; (e) Return with
reason Insufficient Funds: Insufficient Funds
82. The minimum & maximum period of certificate of deposit is : 7 days, 12 months
83. There is a credit balance in the saving account and there is a overdraft in the current account
amounting to Rs 555. Both accounts are in the same name. Bank wants to adjust credit balance
of saving bank account towards payment of overdraft. As per which right, bank can do this?:
Right of Set Off.
84. Under Sukanya Samridhi Account (SSA) the maximum period upto which the deposits can be
made is for ___ years from the date of opening of the account: 14 years
85. Under Sukanya Samridhi Account (SSA) the minimum amount of deposit is Rs 1,000 and Under
Sukanya Samridhi Account (SSA), the bank account will be opened for a girl child upto the age
of: 10 years
86. Under Sukanya Samridhi Account (SSA), the current rate of interest on deposits is which is the
highest amongst all other Govt. Saving Schemes: 9.20% & 8.6% FOR 2016-17
87. What are the Service charges for using ATMs of other banks for balance enquiries: Rs.20 for
Financial & Rs. 10 for Non- Financial upto 5 transactions ( 3 at Metros)
88. What documents are required for opening a small account?: Self attested photo and address
89. What is the bankers-customer relationship in case of deposits? Debtor – Creditor
90. What is the distance criteria for office of Business Correspondent?: The distance between the
place of business of a retail outlet/sub-agent of BC and the base branch should ordinarily not
exceed 30 kms in rural, semi-urban and urban areas and 5 kms in metropolitan centers.
91. What is the maximum amount of loan that can be granted against FCNR deposit? No limit.
92. What is the periodicity of review of risk classification of customers?: Every six months
93. What is the rate of interest payable on an overdue FD for overdue period if customer demands
payment and does not renew the same?: Saving Bank Rate
94. What is the special feature of Basic banking Account? Account can be opened with nil or very
small amount and there are no requirement of minimum balance.
95. What type of account can be opened in the name of NRI jointly with residents? NRO /NRE/FCNR
(earlier only NRO)
96. What type of activity can be performed by Business Correspondent - (a) processing and
submission of applications to banks; (b) disbursal of small value credit, (c) recovery of principal /
collection of interest (iv) collection of small value deposits: All of these
97. When a person wants to open an account with a bank but does not have proof of identification
and address, what type of account can be opened?: Small account
98. When Letter of Administration issued: When the person dies without leaving the Will- Intestate.
99. Whether “WILL” has to be registered? Not required.
100. Which form is used for cancellation of nomination in deposit accounts?: DA -2
101. Which is not a proof of Identity?: Ration card.
102. Which is the most important document for opening a Trust Account?: Trust Deed
103. Which of the following forms will be used for allowing exemption to a depositor aged 61 years
: Form 15 H
104. Which of these rates are periodically reviewed by RBI?: Repo rate, Bank rate, but not Savings
Bank Rate.
105. While opening account, a bank, in addition to observing various provisions of Indian Contract
Act should also – exercise utmost care and attention; look at profitability from account; exercise
due diligence: Due diligence
106. While opening the account with a bank, prospective customer is required to submit – PAN No
or Form 60 or 61
107. Who are eligible for preferential rate of interest under NRE deposits: a) Staff b) Senior citizen
c) Staff cum Senior Citizen d) none of these?: None of these
108. Who can do nomination in the account of a Minor?: Can be done by guardian not by
minor
109. Who of the following can exercise nomination – HUF, limited company, trust, Partnership firm,
sole proprietorship firm?: Sole Proprietorship firm.
STAY SAFE ! STAY HEALTHY
*Good Morning All,*
Since, COMPLETE LOCK DOWN HAS BEEN ANNOUNCED IN ENTIRE INDIA TILL 14th APRIL, 2020;; If you are *Thinking* what to do in these 21 days ; when you are at Home, then , please *Read This*
1: *Deep Clean Your House* - Clean your Kitchen and every Corner of your Rooms with ‘Sea Salt Water’ or ‘Chlorine Water’.
2: *Declutter* - Seperate all Old Stuff and Clothes that you have not used since 4-5 years and Donate it.
3: *Stand in Sun for 30 minutes* - Most of us in Cities have Vitamin D deficiency as we don't get sunlight.
4: *Exercise at Home for Minimum 30 Minutes daily.* Do Yoga or Routine Exercise as per your Convenience.
5: *Meditate for Minimum 30 Minutes twice Daily*- Do SIMRAN - Do Path Pooja and pray for Sarbat Da Bhalla !
6: *Eat Less* - Do 1 full day of Fasting to detox your Body. Eat Healthy Home Made Food & Fruits.
7: *See NEWS only 3 times a day* - Negative thinking brings more Negative Situation. So, please stay Positive. You are Alive & We will Win this fight. Read Books. Watch Entertainment Channels.
8: Play *Chess, Carrom Board, Ludo, Cards, Uno etc.* with your Mom, Dad, Partner and Kids. Do Gossips with Family Members. Educate your kids and teach them Moral Values of Life.
9: *Rearrange all Important Documents* - Property Papers, Certificates, Bank Papers, All Cards, Light & Water Bills etc. OR Manage all of your prolonged pending works.
10: *Clean your Phone / Laptop / Mailbox*: Backup all your Digital Data and delete all unwanted Photos, Videos, Apps, Mails etc..
11: *Be Yourself* : Spend 30 minutes "All Alone" remembering the Happy Past Moments of Your Life, Realising The Mistakes You Made in Past, Planning How To Become a Better Human Being in Present and Future.
12. My sincere request/suggestion to them is to prepare for JAIIB and CAIIB in these holidays and clear it easily. This is the best opportunity for us , else bankers will never get any chance.
If you have completed JAIIB or CAIIB please do study for any certification courses .
Certified credit PROFESSIONALS , treasury , forex operations !!!
Will definitely be useful for you and your career.
Consider it .
Make use of time wisely. Plan accordingly.
Get your increment by completing such exams.
Even if u are forced to work half day, come home and study for those exams.
Boost your knowledge .
Knowledge is power.🙂
If you have completed JAIIB or CAIIB please do study for any certification courses .
Certified credit PROFESSIONALS , treasury , forex operations !!!
Will definitely be useful for you and your career.
Consider it .
Make use of time wisely. Plan accordingly.
Get your increment by completing such exams.
Even if u are forced to work half day, come home and study for those exams.
Boost your knowledge .
Knowledge is power.🙂
STAY SAFE !
STAY HEALTHY !
STAY HEALTHY !
Wednesday, 25 March 2020
Very Important::Assessment of Working Capital Limit TL and NFB Limits
Very Important::Assessment of Working Capital Limit TL and NFB Limits
Assessment of Working Capital Limit
Under Assessment of WC limits, give comments on holding levels of Inventory, receivables, sundry creditors and OCA by comparing the same with last year estimates and actuals. Give comments on the reasons for variation, if any between the estimates and actuals. Further, also explain the reasons for the current year estimates like change in - order book position, capacity utilization etc. Similarly, give comments on funding pattern of TCA by NWC, SC, BF etc. Ideally see that contribution by BF not to exceed 50% and NWC with a minimum of 25% while funding TCA.
Any increase/ decrease in operating cycle has a cascading effect on the performance of the unit too. Hence, analyse the reasons like variation in sales, inventory, receivables vis-à-vis utilization of WC limits in the last as well as current year.
Always remember that whatever enhancement in CC limits is proposed to be recommended, it should have proportionate increase in sales. For example, in the last year, if the unit has achieved Rs 10 cr of sales with a CC limit of Rs 1 cr and now requested for Rs 2 cr of CC limit for achieving an estimated turnover of Rs 15 cr…there is no proportionate jump in sales when compared with the limits. This aspect has to be looked into critically.
Assessment of Term Loan
If any project report is available, ensure that the report is prepared by any of our empaneled agencies. Always ensure stipulated DE (Debt/ Equity), DSCR, various statutory approvals required for establishing the unit starting from Municipality approvals to PCB/ Coastal regulatory clearances if any for all the projects which we are going to finance.
DSCR: While structuring instalments, stipulate repayment as per cash flows during a year. See that DSCR always stands above 1.50 in all the years of repayment.
Assessment of NFB limits
Bank Guarantee:
1. In respect of BG limits, apart from qualitative data, focus on giving certain qualitative information on:
(a) Unit’s track record of executing the works timely.
(b) Position of invocation of BG’s, if any during previous years.
(c) Analyse the reasons for previous extensions, if any by putting focus on delay in release of drawings by clients, delay in handing over the sites, delay in environmental clearances, frequent revision in work scope, delay in release of funds causing execution delays etc.
2. Further, if any enhancement is proposed, write comments on:
✓ Orders bagged/ expected to be bagged by the unit during the current year.
✓ Success rate of the unit in the tenders participated during the previous years and arrive at the average strike rate.
Letter of Credit:
Understand the purpose for which the LC is proposed to be opened. In majority of the cases, it is for the purpose of procurement of raw material. If LC is requested for CAPEX purposes, invariably recommend for term loan too.
User has to be careful here, if the unit is also enjoying CC limit, so that double financing in the form of LC/ CC needs to be avoided.
Usance period: Always, ensure that usance period should not be more than the operating cycle of the unit, which may lead to diversion of funds.
In respect of LC’s, have the position of devolvement of LC’s, if any during previous years in order to understand the ability of the unit to pay bills on time
Assessment of Working Capital Limit
Under Assessment of WC limits, give comments on holding levels of Inventory, receivables, sundry creditors and OCA by comparing the same with last year estimates and actuals. Give comments on the reasons for variation, if any between the estimates and actuals. Further, also explain the reasons for the current year estimates like change in - order book position, capacity utilization etc. Similarly, give comments on funding pattern of TCA by NWC, SC, BF etc. Ideally see that contribution by BF not to exceed 50% and NWC with a minimum of 25% while funding TCA.
Any increase/ decrease in operating cycle has a cascading effect on the performance of the unit too. Hence, analyse the reasons like variation in sales, inventory, receivables vis-à-vis utilization of WC limits in the last as well as current year.
Always remember that whatever enhancement in CC limits is proposed to be recommended, it should have proportionate increase in sales. For example, in the last year, if the unit has achieved Rs 10 cr of sales with a CC limit of Rs 1 cr and now requested for Rs 2 cr of CC limit for achieving an estimated turnover of Rs 15 cr…there is no proportionate jump in sales when compared with the limits. This aspect has to be looked into critically.
Assessment of Term Loan
If any project report is available, ensure that the report is prepared by any of our empaneled agencies. Always ensure stipulated DE (Debt/ Equity), DSCR, various statutory approvals required for establishing the unit starting from Municipality approvals to PCB/ Coastal regulatory clearances if any for all the projects which we are going to finance.
DSCR: While structuring instalments, stipulate repayment as per cash flows during a year. See that DSCR always stands above 1.50 in all the years of repayment.
Assessment of NFB limits
Bank Guarantee:
1. In respect of BG limits, apart from qualitative data, focus on giving certain qualitative information on:
(a) Unit’s track record of executing the works timely.
(b) Position of invocation of BG’s, if any during previous years.
(c) Analyse the reasons for previous extensions, if any by putting focus on delay in release of drawings by clients, delay in handing over the sites, delay in environmental clearances, frequent revision in work scope, delay in release of funds causing execution delays etc.
2. Further, if any enhancement is proposed, write comments on:
✓ Orders bagged/ expected to be bagged by the unit during the current year.
✓ Success rate of the unit in the tenders participated during the previous years and arrive at the average strike rate.
Letter of Credit:
Understand the purpose for which the LC is proposed to be opened. In majority of the cases, it is for the purpose of procurement of raw material. If LC is requested for CAPEX purposes, invariably recommend for term loan too.
User has to be careful here, if the unit is also enjoying CC limit, so that double financing in the form of LC/ CC needs to be avoided.
Usance period: Always, ensure that usance period should not be more than the operating cycle of the unit, which may lead to diversion of funds.
In respect of LC’s, have the position of devolvement of LC’s, if any during previous years in order to understand the ability of the unit to pay bills on time
Monday, 23 March 2020
Risk Management and credit rating
Risk Management and credit rating
The risk that the banking business faces, can be:
· Credit risk
· Market risk (resulting from adverse movement of prices of govt. securities, interest rates, forex etc.)
· Operational risk (resulting from staff errors, failure of internal processes, external events etc.)
Credit Risk : It refers to the possibility of loss that the bank or financial institution may suffer as a consequence of inability of
the counterparty (i.e. the borrower, who is operating in an environment having many uncertainties resulting in threat to the
viability and sustainability of the activity) to meet its repayment or other commitment/s as per agreed conditions and commit
default.
Reserve Bank of India states that the credit risk or default risk involves inability or unwillingness of a customer or counterparty to
meet commitment in relation to lending, trading, hedging, settlement and other financial transactions.
In terms of the guidelines issued by RBI, the credit risk is generally made up of (I) transaction risk or default risk and (2) portfolio
risk. The portfolio risk in turn comprises intrinsic and concentration risk.
· The transaction risk is the risk arising from an individual transaction or a counterparty or b orrower's default in meeting the
commitment.
· The intrinsic risk is the risk which is inherent in respect of an activity due to the operating environment. This is also termed as
industry or activity risk.
· The concentration risk refers to the risk which arises as a result of undertaking exposure in only few industries or activities or
lines of business or borrowers and borrowing groups without ensuring the diversification of the portfolio.
Why does credit risk arise ?
The credit risk arises due to operation of a number of external and internal factors.
The external factors are the state of the economy of the concerned country or state or even global economy, wide swings in the
prices of various commodities, foreign exchange rates, interest rates, trade restrictions, economic sanctions, Govt. policies, natural
calamities etc.
The internal factors are the factors which may be internal to the borrower or internal to the financing institution.
· The factors internal to the borrowing entity may be planning factors, execution factors, finance factors, marketing factors,
management factors etc.
· The factors internal to the financing banks or institutions relate to the deficiencies in loan policies/administration,
absence of prudential credit concentration limits, inadequately defined lending limits for loan officers/credit committee,
deficiencies in appraisal of borrowers' financial position, excessive dependence on collaterals and inadequate risk pricing,
absence of loan review mechanism and post sanction surveillance etc.
Steps for credit risk mitigation:
The objective of mitigation is the restrict the risk within an acceptable limit and it involves steps to be taken at (a) macro level in
the bank and (b) micro level in the bank.
At Macro Level:
i. Frequent review of norms and fixing internal limits for aggregate commitments to specific sectors of industry and business.
2. periodical review of loan policies.
3. classification of portfolio based on certain parameters of quality
At Micro Level:
i. framing of policy regarding credit appraisal standards, sanction and delivery process, monitoring and review of individual
borrowers, obtaining collaterals.
2. obtaining credit rating and their updation.
Credit rating
The credit risk differs for each project and each promoter. The appraisal of proposal done with a view to measure the risk involved
and its quantification by using a credit rating method, with following objectives:
i. to take a decision whether to accept or reject a proposal without or without modification
2. to determine the rate of interest (risk pricing)
3. to help in. macro evaluation of the total credit portfolio by classifying the individual loan account in a specific category,
depending up on the rating.
Rating Models:
The rating can be done by using internal rating model available with the bank. Most of the banks have their rating models.
The rating can also be got done by using service of external rating agencies such as CRISIL, SMERA, CARE, ICRA etc.
Credit rating methodology:
Banks the credit rating model, based on which they are able to place their borrower in a particular rating category. The broader
categories of risk area that the rating models take into account are:
1. Management related aspects
2. Security related aspects
3. Financial aspects on the basis of financial statements
4. Business risk
These ratings are required to be reviewed periodically, in view of dynamic nature of the business of the borrower.
Derivative instruments for Credit Risk Management
The derivative instruments are used to hedge the inherent credit risk without transferring the loan account. Simple techniques for
transferring credit risk are available with the banks for very long time which include guarantors, collateral securities, credit
insurance from agencies like DICGC, CGTMSE. In recent some new instruments have also been introduced that include (a) Credit
default swaps and (b) credit linked notes.
Credit default swaps (CDS) : It is a contract between the financing bank (risk seller) and protection seller, whereby the protection
seller provides protection against credit events (i.e. default). For this purpose, the risk seller makes payment of premium to the
protection seller. The credit events include bankruptcy, failure to pay, restructuring etc.
Credit linked notes (CLN): In this arrangement, the protection seller (normally a special purpose vehicle — SPV) issues notes linked
to underlying credit. These notes can be purchased by general public as investors and the SPV purchases high rated securities with
that amount. On maturity, these securities are sold and money is returned to investors, if there is no credit default. In case of
credit default, the funds are used to make payment to risk seller.
The risk seller makes regular payment of premium.
New Capital Accord (Basel 2) : Implications on Credit Risk
The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has proposed 3 approaches, viz.,
1. Standardised and
2. Foundation Internal Rating Based Approach
3. Advanced Internal Rating Based Approach
In India, presently the Standardized approach has been implemented.
Under the standardised approach, preferential risk weights in the range of o%, 20%, 50%, 100% and 150% are assigned by RBI for
certain risk weighted assets and some discretion has been given to bank where they can allot risk weight on the basis of external
credit assessments.
Internal Rating Based Approach
There are two approaches — foundation and advanced - as an alternative to standardised approach for assigning preferential risk
weights. Under the foundation approach, banks, which comply with certain minimum requirements viz. comprehensive credit
rating system. The adoption of these approaches requires substantial upgradation of the existing credit risk management systems.
The time schedule fixed by RBI for migrating to Internal Rating Based approach is as under: The earliest date of making application by
banks to RBI — April 01, 2012 Likely date of approval by RBI — March 31, 2014.
The banks have been advised by RBI to undertake an internal assessment of their preparedness for migration to advanced approaches,
in the light of the criteria envisaged in the Basel II document, as per the aforesaid time schedule, and take a decision, with the approval
of their Boards, whether they would like to migrate to any of the advanced approaches. The banks deciding to migrate to the advanced
approaches should approach us for necessary approvals, in due course, as per the stipulated time schedule. If the result of a bank's
internal assessment indicates that it is not in a position to apply for implementation of advanced approach by the above mentioned
dates, it may choose a later date suitable to it based upon its preparation.
It may be noted that banks, at their discretion, would have the option of adopting the advanced approaches for one or more of the
risk categories, as per their preparedness, while continuing with the simpler approaches for other risk categories, and it would not
be necessary to adopt the advanced approaches for all the risk categories simultaneously. However, banks should invariably obtain
prior approval of the RBI for adopting any of the advanced approaches.
The risk that the banking business faces, can be:
· Credit risk
· Market risk (resulting from adverse movement of prices of govt. securities, interest rates, forex etc.)
· Operational risk (resulting from staff errors, failure of internal processes, external events etc.)
Credit Risk : It refers to the possibility of loss that the bank or financial institution may suffer as a consequence of inability of
the counterparty (i.e. the borrower, who is operating in an environment having many uncertainties resulting in threat to the
viability and sustainability of the activity) to meet its repayment or other commitment/s as per agreed conditions and commit
default.
Reserve Bank of India states that the credit risk or default risk involves inability or unwillingness of a customer or counterparty to
meet commitment in relation to lending, trading, hedging, settlement and other financial transactions.
In terms of the guidelines issued by RBI, the credit risk is generally made up of (I) transaction risk or default risk and (2) portfolio
risk. The portfolio risk in turn comprises intrinsic and concentration risk.
· The transaction risk is the risk arising from an individual transaction or a counterparty or b orrower's default in meeting the
commitment.
· The intrinsic risk is the risk which is inherent in respect of an activity due to the operating environment. This is also termed as
industry or activity risk.
· The concentration risk refers to the risk which arises as a result of undertaking exposure in only few industries or activities or
lines of business or borrowers and borrowing groups without ensuring the diversification of the portfolio.
Why does credit risk arise ?
The credit risk arises due to operation of a number of external and internal factors.
The external factors are the state of the economy of the concerned country or state or even global economy, wide swings in the
prices of various commodities, foreign exchange rates, interest rates, trade restrictions, economic sanctions, Govt. policies, natural
calamities etc.
The internal factors are the factors which may be internal to the borrower or internal to the financing institution.
· The factors internal to the borrowing entity may be planning factors, execution factors, finance factors, marketing factors,
management factors etc.
· The factors internal to the financing banks or institutions relate to the deficiencies in loan policies/administration,
absence of prudential credit concentration limits, inadequately defined lending limits for loan officers/credit committee,
deficiencies in appraisal of borrowers' financial position, excessive dependence on collaterals and inadequate risk pricing,
absence of loan review mechanism and post sanction surveillance etc.
Steps for credit risk mitigation:
The objective of mitigation is the restrict the risk within an acceptable limit and it involves steps to be taken at (a) macro level in
the bank and (b) micro level in the bank.
At Macro Level:
i. Frequent review of norms and fixing internal limits for aggregate commitments to specific sectors of industry and business.
2. periodical review of loan policies.
3. classification of portfolio based on certain parameters of quality
At Micro Level:
i. framing of policy regarding credit appraisal standards, sanction and delivery process, monitoring and review of individual
borrowers, obtaining collaterals.
2. obtaining credit rating and their updation.
Credit rating
The credit risk differs for each project and each promoter. The appraisal of proposal done with a view to measure the risk involved
and its quantification by using a credit rating method, with following objectives:
i. to take a decision whether to accept or reject a proposal without or without modification
2. to determine the rate of interest (risk pricing)
3. to help in. macro evaluation of the total credit portfolio by classifying the individual loan account in a specific category,
depending up on the rating.
Rating Models:
The rating can be done by using internal rating model available with the bank. Most of the banks have their rating models.
The rating can also be got done by using service of external rating agencies such as CRISIL, SMERA, CARE, ICRA etc.
Credit rating methodology:
Banks the credit rating model, based on which they are able to place their borrower in a particular rating category. The broader
categories of risk area that the rating models take into account are:
1. Management related aspects
2. Security related aspects
3. Financial aspects on the basis of financial statements
4. Business risk
These ratings are required to be reviewed periodically, in view of dynamic nature of the business of the borrower.
Derivative instruments for Credit Risk Management
The derivative instruments are used to hedge the inherent credit risk without transferring the loan account. Simple techniques for
transferring credit risk are available with the banks for very long time which include guarantors, collateral securities, credit
insurance from agencies like DICGC, CGTMSE. In recent some new instruments have also been introduced that include (a) Credit
default swaps and (b) credit linked notes.
Credit default swaps (CDS) : It is a contract between the financing bank (risk seller) and protection seller, whereby the protection
seller provides protection against credit events (i.e. default). For this purpose, the risk seller makes payment of premium to the
protection seller. The credit events include bankruptcy, failure to pay, restructuring etc.
Credit linked notes (CLN): In this arrangement, the protection seller (normally a special purpose vehicle — SPV) issues notes linked
to underlying credit. These notes can be purchased by general public as investors and the SPV purchases high rated securities with
that amount. On maturity, these securities are sold and money is returned to investors, if there is no credit default. In case of
credit default, the funds are used to make payment to risk seller.
The risk seller makes regular payment of premium.
New Capital Accord (Basel 2) : Implications on Credit Risk
The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has proposed 3 approaches, viz.,
1. Standardised and
2. Foundation Internal Rating Based Approach
3. Advanced Internal Rating Based Approach
In India, presently the Standardized approach has been implemented.
Under the standardised approach, preferential risk weights in the range of o%, 20%, 50%, 100% and 150% are assigned by RBI for
certain risk weighted assets and some discretion has been given to bank where they can allot risk weight on the basis of external
credit assessments.
Internal Rating Based Approach
There are two approaches — foundation and advanced - as an alternative to standardised approach for assigning preferential risk
weights. Under the foundation approach, banks, which comply with certain minimum requirements viz. comprehensive credit
rating system. The adoption of these approaches requires substantial upgradation of the existing credit risk management systems.
The time schedule fixed by RBI for migrating to Internal Rating Based approach is as under: The earliest date of making application by
banks to RBI — April 01, 2012 Likely date of approval by RBI — March 31, 2014.
The banks have been advised by RBI to undertake an internal assessment of their preparedness for migration to advanced approaches,
in the light of the criteria envisaged in the Basel II document, as per the aforesaid time schedule, and take a decision, with the approval
of their Boards, whether they would like to migrate to any of the advanced approaches. The banks deciding to migrate to the advanced
approaches should approach us for necessary approvals, in due course, as per the stipulated time schedule. If the result of a bank's
internal assessment indicates that it is not in a position to apply for implementation of advanced approach by the above mentioned
dates, it may choose a later date suitable to it based upon its preparation.
It may be noted that banks, at their discretion, would have the option of adopting the advanced approaches for one or more of the
risk categories, as per their preparedness, while continuing with the simpler approaches for other risk categories, and it would not
be necessary to adopt the advanced approaches for all the risk categories simultaneously. However, banks should invariably obtain
prior approval of the RBI for adopting any of the advanced approaches.
Trade finance
Trade finance
Trade finance is the financing of international trade flows. It exists to mitigate, or reduce, the risks involved in an international trade transaction.
There are two players in a trade transaction: (1)an exporter, who requires payment for their goods or services, and (2)an importer who wants to make sure they are paying for the correct quality and quantity of goods.
WHAT ARE THE RISKS?
As international trade takes place across borders, with companies that are unlikely to be familiar with one another, there are various risks to deal with. These include:
Payment risk: Will the exporter be paid in full and on time? Will the importer get the goods they wanted?
Country risk: A collection of risks associated with doing business with a foreign country, such as exchange rate risk, political risk and sovereign risk. For example, a company may not like exporting goods to certain countries because of the political situation, a deteriorating economy, the lack of legal structures, etc.
Corporate risk: The risks associated with the company (exporter/importer): what is their credit rating? Do they have a history of non-payment?
To reduce these risks, banks – and other financiers – have stepped in to provide trade finance products.
TYPES OF TRADE FINANCE PRODUCTS
The market distinguishes between short-term (with a maturity of normally less than a year) and medium to long-term trade finance products (with tenors of typically five to 20 years)
Trade finance signifies financing for trade, and it concerns both domestic and international trade transactions. A trade transaction requires a seller of goods and services as well as a buyer. Various intermediaries such as banks and financial institutions can facilitate these transactions by financing the trade.
While a seller (or exporter) can require the purchaser (an importer) to prepay for goods shipped, the purchaser (importer) may wish to reduce risk by requiring the seller to document the goods that have been shipped. Banks may assist by providing various forms of support. For example, the importer's bank may provide a letter of credit to the exporter (or the exporter's bank) providing for payment upon presentation of certain documents, such as a bill of lading. The exporter's bank may make a loan (by advancing funds) to the exporter on the basis of the export contract.
Other forms of trade finance can include Documentary Collection, Trade Credit Insurance, Finetrading, Factoring or Forfaiting. Some forms are specifically designed to supplement traditional financing.
Secure trade finance depends on verifiable and secure tracking of physical risks and events in the chain between exporter and importer. The advent of new information and communication technologies allows the development of risk mitigation models which have developed into advance finance models. This allows very low risk of advance payment given to the Exporter, while preserving the Importer's normal payment credit terms and without burdening the importer's balance sheet. As trade transactions become more flexible and increase in volume, demand for these technologies has grown.
Products and services
Banks and financial institutions offer the following products and services in their trade finance branches.
· Letter of credit: It is an undertaking/promise given by a Bank/Financial Institute on behalf of the Buyer/Importer to the Seller/Exporter, that, if the Seller/Exporter presents the complying documents to the Buyer's designated Bank/Financial Institute as specified by the Buyer/Importer in the Purchase Agreement then the Buyer's Bank/Financial Institute will make payment to the Seller/Exporter.
· Bank guarantee: It is an undertaking/promise given by a Bank on behalf of the Applicant and in favour of the Beneficiary. Whereas, the Bank has agreed and undertakes that, if the Applicant failed to fulfill his obligations either Financial or Performance as per the Agreement made between the Applicant and the Beneficiary, then the Guarantor Bank on behalf of the Applicant will make payment of the guarantee amount to the Beneficiary upon receipt of a demand or claim from the Beneficiary.
Bank guarantee has various types like 1. Tender Bond 2. Advance Payment 3. Performance Bond 4. Financial 5. Retention 6. Labour
· Export
· Import
· Collection and discounting of bills: It is a major trade service offered by the Banks. The Seller's Bank collects the payment proceeds on behalf of the Seller, from the Buyer or Buyer's Bank, for the goods sold by the Seller to the Buyer as per the agreement made between the Seller and the Buyer.
Supply Chain intermediaries have expanded in recent years to offer importers a funded transaction of individual trades from foreign supplier to importers warehouse or customers designated point of receipt. The Supply Chain products offer importers a funded transaction based on customer order book.
New developments
Trade finance is going through a revolution. New technologies and development are energizing traditional players, transforming their offerings and pulling trade into the 21st century. One of the main developments is the introduction of blockchain technology into the trade finance ecosystem. The promise of blockchain is that it has the ability to streamline the trade finance process. In the past, trade finance has been provided primarily by financial institutions, unchanged for years, with many manual processes on old-legacy systems that are expensive and costly to update. Such structures are mostly managed manually or through antiquated systems, which are not scalable and result in higher operational costs for financial institutions.
Blockchain technology can provide enormous benefits to solve these technological challenges in trade finance. It can be used to provide the basic services that are essential in trade finance. At its core, blockchain relies on a decentralized, digitalized ledger model, which by its nature is more robust and secure than the proprietary, centralized models which are currently used in trade finance. As a consequence, blockchain can lead to radical simplification and cost reduction for large parts of transactions in trade finance, whilst making it more secure and reliable. It keeps an immutable record of all the transactions, back to the originating point of a transaction, also known as the provenance, which is essential in trade finance as it allows financial institutions to review all transaction steps and reduce the risk of fraud. One of the blockchain’s advantages is the speeding up of transaction settlement time which currently takes days, increasing transparency between all parties, and unlocking capital that would otherwise be tied up waiting to be transferred between parties in the transaction. Several companies are working on trade finance solutions leveraging blockchain technology such as the R3 consortium, which brings together the world's biggest financial institutions and TradeIX, which developed a connected and secured platform infrastructure for corporates, financial institutions, and B2B networks through standard communication channels (APIs) leveraging blockchain technology.
Methods of payment
International trade financing is required especially to get funds to carry out international trade operations. Depending on the types and attributes of financing, there are five major methods of transactions in international trade. In this chapter, we will discuss the methods of transactions and finance normally utilized in international trade and investment operations.
International Trade Payment Methods
The five major processes of transaction in international trade are the following −
Prepayment
Prepayment occurs when the payment of a debt or installment payment is done before the due date. A prepayment can include the entire balance or any upcoming part of the entire payment paid in advance of the due date. In prepayment, the borrower is obligated by a contract to pay for the due amount. Examples of prepayment include rent or loan repayments.
Letter of Credit
A Letter of Credit is a letter from a bank that guarantees that the payment due by the buyer to a seller will be made timely and for the given amount. In case the buyer cannot make payment, the bank will cover the entire or remaining portion of the payment.
Drafts
Sight Draft − It is a kind of bill of exchange, where the exporter owns the title to the transported goods until the importer acknowledges and pays for them. Sight drafts are usually found in case of air shipments and ocean shipments for financing the transactions of goods in case of international trade.
Time Draft − It is a type of foreign check guaranteed by the bank. However, it is not payable in full until the duration of time after it is obtained and accepted. In fact, time drafts are a short-term credit vehicle used for financing goods’ transactions in international trade.
Consignment
It is an arrangement to leave the goods in the possession of another party to sell. Typically, the party that sells receives a good percentage of the sale. Consignments are used to sell a variety of products including artwork, clothing, books, etc. Recently, consignment dealers have become quite trendy, such as those offering specialty items, infant clothing, and luxurious fashion items.
cash with order(CWO)-the buyers pay cash when he places an order.
cash on delivery(COD)-the buyer pays cash when the goods are delivered.
documentary credit(L/C)-a Letter of credit (L/C) is used; gives the seller two guarantees that the payment will be made by the buyer:one guarantee from the buyer's bank and another from the seller's bank.
bills for collection(B/E or D/C) -here a Bill of Exchange (B/E)is used; or documentary collection (D/C) is a transaction whereby the exporter entrusts the collection of the payment for a sale to its bank (remitting bank), which sends the documents that its buyer needs to the importer’s bank (collecting bank), with instructions to release the documents to the buyer for payment.
open account-this method can be used by business partners who trust each other; the two partners need to have their accounts with the banks that are correspondent banks.
Methods of payment: Cash in Advance (Prepayment) Documentary Collections Letters of Credit Open Account Combining Methods of Payment Summary Resources Activities Assessment
Open account is a method of making payments for various trade transactions. In this arrangement, the supplier ships the goods to the buyer. After receiving and checking the concerned shipping documents, the buyer credits the supplier's account in their own books with the required invoice amount.
The account is then usually settled periodically; say monthly, by sending bank drafts by the buyer, or arranging through wire transfers and air mails in favor of the exporter.
Trade Finance Methods
The most popular trade financing methods are the following −
Accounts Receivable Financing
It is a special type of asset-financing arrangement. In such an arrangement, a company utilizes the receivables – the money owed by the customers – as a collateral in getting a finance.
In this type of financing, the company gets an amount that is a reduced value of the total receivables owed by customers. The time-frame of the receivables exert a large influence on the amount of financing. For older receivables, the company will get less financing. It is also, sometimes, referred to as "factoring".
Letters of Credit
As mentioned earlier, Letters of Credit are one of the oldest methods of trade financing.
Banker’s Acceptance
A banker’s acceptance (BA) is a short-term debt instrument that is issued by a firm that guarantees payment by a commercial bank. BAs are used by firms as a part of the commercial transaction. These instruments are like T-Bills and are often used in case of money market funds.
BAs are also traded at a discount from the actual face value on the secondary market. This is an advantage because the BA is not required to be held until maturity. BAs are regular instruments that are used in international trade.
Working Capital Finance
Working capital finance is a process termed as the capital of a business and is used in its daily trading operations. It is calculated as the current assets minus the current liabilities. For many firms, this is fully made up of trade debtors (bills outstanding) and the trade creditors (the bills the firm needs to pay).
Forfaiting
Forfaiting is the purchase of the amount importers owe the exporter at a discounted value by paying cash. The forfaiter that is the buyer of the receivables then becomes the party the importer is obligated to pay the debt.
Countertrade
It is a form of international trade where goods are exchanged for other goods, in place of hard currency. Countertrade is classified into three major categories – barter, counter-purchase, and offset.
· Barter is the oldest countertrade process. It involves the direct receipt and offer of goods and services having an equivalent value.
· In a counter-purchase, the foreign seller contractually accepts to buy the goods or services obtained from the buyer's nation for a defined amount.
· In an offset arrangement, the seller assists in marketing the products manufactured in the buying country. It may also allow a portion of the assembly of the exported products for the manufacturers to carry out in the buying country. This is often practiced in the aerospace and defense industries.
Trade finance is the financing of international trade flows. It exists to mitigate, or reduce, the risks involved in an international trade transaction.
There are two players in a trade transaction: (1)an exporter, who requires payment for their goods or services, and (2)an importer who wants to make sure they are paying for the correct quality and quantity of goods.
WHAT ARE THE RISKS?
As international trade takes place across borders, with companies that are unlikely to be familiar with one another, there are various risks to deal with. These include:
Payment risk: Will the exporter be paid in full and on time? Will the importer get the goods they wanted?
Country risk: A collection of risks associated with doing business with a foreign country, such as exchange rate risk, political risk and sovereign risk. For example, a company may not like exporting goods to certain countries because of the political situation, a deteriorating economy, the lack of legal structures, etc.
Corporate risk: The risks associated with the company (exporter/importer): what is their credit rating? Do they have a history of non-payment?
To reduce these risks, banks – and other financiers – have stepped in to provide trade finance products.
TYPES OF TRADE FINANCE PRODUCTS
The market distinguishes between short-term (with a maturity of normally less than a year) and medium to long-term trade finance products (with tenors of typically five to 20 years)
Trade finance signifies financing for trade, and it concerns both domestic and international trade transactions. A trade transaction requires a seller of goods and services as well as a buyer. Various intermediaries such as banks and financial institutions can facilitate these transactions by financing the trade.
While a seller (or exporter) can require the purchaser (an importer) to prepay for goods shipped, the purchaser (importer) may wish to reduce risk by requiring the seller to document the goods that have been shipped. Banks may assist by providing various forms of support. For example, the importer's bank may provide a letter of credit to the exporter (or the exporter's bank) providing for payment upon presentation of certain documents, such as a bill of lading. The exporter's bank may make a loan (by advancing funds) to the exporter on the basis of the export contract.
Other forms of trade finance can include Documentary Collection, Trade Credit Insurance, Finetrading, Factoring or Forfaiting. Some forms are specifically designed to supplement traditional financing.
Secure trade finance depends on verifiable and secure tracking of physical risks and events in the chain between exporter and importer. The advent of new information and communication technologies allows the development of risk mitigation models which have developed into advance finance models. This allows very low risk of advance payment given to the Exporter, while preserving the Importer's normal payment credit terms and without burdening the importer's balance sheet. As trade transactions become more flexible and increase in volume, demand for these technologies has grown.
Products and services
Banks and financial institutions offer the following products and services in their trade finance branches.
· Letter of credit: It is an undertaking/promise given by a Bank/Financial Institute on behalf of the Buyer/Importer to the Seller/Exporter, that, if the Seller/Exporter presents the complying documents to the Buyer's designated Bank/Financial Institute as specified by the Buyer/Importer in the Purchase Agreement then the Buyer's Bank/Financial Institute will make payment to the Seller/Exporter.
· Bank guarantee: It is an undertaking/promise given by a Bank on behalf of the Applicant and in favour of the Beneficiary. Whereas, the Bank has agreed and undertakes that, if the Applicant failed to fulfill his obligations either Financial or Performance as per the Agreement made between the Applicant and the Beneficiary, then the Guarantor Bank on behalf of the Applicant will make payment of the guarantee amount to the Beneficiary upon receipt of a demand or claim from the Beneficiary.
Bank guarantee has various types like 1. Tender Bond 2. Advance Payment 3. Performance Bond 4. Financial 5. Retention 6. Labour
· Export
· Import
· Collection and discounting of bills: It is a major trade service offered by the Banks. The Seller's Bank collects the payment proceeds on behalf of the Seller, from the Buyer or Buyer's Bank, for the goods sold by the Seller to the Buyer as per the agreement made between the Seller and the Buyer.
Supply Chain intermediaries have expanded in recent years to offer importers a funded transaction of individual trades from foreign supplier to importers warehouse or customers designated point of receipt. The Supply Chain products offer importers a funded transaction based on customer order book.
New developments
Trade finance is going through a revolution. New technologies and development are energizing traditional players, transforming their offerings and pulling trade into the 21st century. One of the main developments is the introduction of blockchain technology into the trade finance ecosystem. The promise of blockchain is that it has the ability to streamline the trade finance process. In the past, trade finance has been provided primarily by financial institutions, unchanged for years, with many manual processes on old-legacy systems that are expensive and costly to update. Such structures are mostly managed manually or through antiquated systems, which are not scalable and result in higher operational costs for financial institutions.
Blockchain technology can provide enormous benefits to solve these technological challenges in trade finance. It can be used to provide the basic services that are essential in trade finance. At its core, blockchain relies on a decentralized, digitalized ledger model, which by its nature is more robust and secure than the proprietary, centralized models which are currently used in trade finance. As a consequence, blockchain can lead to radical simplification and cost reduction for large parts of transactions in trade finance, whilst making it more secure and reliable. It keeps an immutable record of all the transactions, back to the originating point of a transaction, also known as the provenance, which is essential in trade finance as it allows financial institutions to review all transaction steps and reduce the risk of fraud. One of the blockchain’s advantages is the speeding up of transaction settlement time which currently takes days, increasing transparency between all parties, and unlocking capital that would otherwise be tied up waiting to be transferred between parties in the transaction. Several companies are working on trade finance solutions leveraging blockchain technology such as the R3 consortium, which brings together the world's biggest financial institutions and TradeIX, which developed a connected and secured platform infrastructure for corporates, financial institutions, and B2B networks through standard communication channels (APIs) leveraging blockchain technology.
Methods of payment
International trade financing is required especially to get funds to carry out international trade operations. Depending on the types and attributes of financing, there are five major methods of transactions in international trade. In this chapter, we will discuss the methods of transactions and finance normally utilized in international trade and investment operations.
International Trade Payment Methods
The five major processes of transaction in international trade are the following −
Prepayment
Prepayment occurs when the payment of a debt or installment payment is done before the due date. A prepayment can include the entire balance or any upcoming part of the entire payment paid in advance of the due date. In prepayment, the borrower is obligated by a contract to pay for the due amount. Examples of prepayment include rent or loan repayments.
Letter of Credit
A Letter of Credit is a letter from a bank that guarantees that the payment due by the buyer to a seller will be made timely and for the given amount. In case the buyer cannot make payment, the bank will cover the entire or remaining portion of the payment.
Drafts
Sight Draft − It is a kind of bill of exchange, where the exporter owns the title to the transported goods until the importer acknowledges and pays for them. Sight drafts are usually found in case of air shipments and ocean shipments for financing the transactions of goods in case of international trade.
Time Draft − It is a type of foreign check guaranteed by the bank. However, it is not payable in full until the duration of time after it is obtained and accepted. In fact, time drafts are a short-term credit vehicle used for financing goods’ transactions in international trade.
Consignment
It is an arrangement to leave the goods in the possession of another party to sell. Typically, the party that sells receives a good percentage of the sale. Consignments are used to sell a variety of products including artwork, clothing, books, etc. Recently, consignment dealers have become quite trendy, such as those offering specialty items, infant clothing, and luxurious fashion items.
cash with order(CWO)-the buyers pay cash when he places an order.
cash on delivery(COD)-the buyer pays cash when the goods are delivered.
documentary credit(L/C)-a Letter of credit (L/C) is used; gives the seller two guarantees that the payment will be made by the buyer:one guarantee from the buyer's bank and another from the seller's bank.
bills for collection(B/E or D/C) -here a Bill of Exchange (B/E)is used; or documentary collection (D/C) is a transaction whereby the exporter entrusts the collection of the payment for a sale to its bank (remitting bank), which sends the documents that its buyer needs to the importer’s bank (collecting bank), with instructions to release the documents to the buyer for payment.
open account-this method can be used by business partners who trust each other; the two partners need to have their accounts with the banks that are correspondent banks.
Methods of payment: Cash in Advance (Prepayment) Documentary Collections Letters of Credit Open Account Combining Methods of Payment Summary Resources Activities Assessment
Open account is a method of making payments for various trade transactions. In this arrangement, the supplier ships the goods to the buyer. After receiving and checking the concerned shipping documents, the buyer credits the supplier's account in their own books with the required invoice amount.
The account is then usually settled periodically; say monthly, by sending bank drafts by the buyer, or arranging through wire transfers and air mails in favor of the exporter.
Trade Finance Methods
The most popular trade financing methods are the following −
Accounts Receivable Financing
It is a special type of asset-financing arrangement. In such an arrangement, a company utilizes the receivables – the money owed by the customers – as a collateral in getting a finance.
In this type of financing, the company gets an amount that is a reduced value of the total receivables owed by customers. The time-frame of the receivables exert a large influence on the amount of financing. For older receivables, the company will get less financing. It is also, sometimes, referred to as "factoring".
Letters of Credit
As mentioned earlier, Letters of Credit are one of the oldest methods of trade financing.
Banker’s Acceptance
A banker’s acceptance (BA) is a short-term debt instrument that is issued by a firm that guarantees payment by a commercial bank. BAs are used by firms as a part of the commercial transaction. These instruments are like T-Bills and are often used in case of money market funds.
BAs are also traded at a discount from the actual face value on the secondary market. This is an advantage because the BA is not required to be held until maturity. BAs are regular instruments that are used in international trade.
Working Capital Finance
Working capital finance is a process termed as the capital of a business and is used in its daily trading operations. It is calculated as the current assets minus the current liabilities. For many firms, this is fully made up of trade debtors (bills outstanding) and the trade creditors (the bills the firm needs to pay).
Forfaiting
Forfaiting is the purchase of the amount importers owe the exporter at a discounted value by paying cash. The forfaiter that is the buyer of the receivables then becomes the party the importer is obligated to pay the debt.
Countertrade
It is a form of international trade where goods are exchanged for other goods, in place of hard currency. Countertrade is classified into three major categories – barter, counter-purchase, and offset.
· Barter is the oldest countertrade process. It involves the direct receipt and offer of goods and services having an equivalent value.
· In a counter-purchase, the foreign seller contractually accepts to buy the goods or services obtained from the buyer's nation for a defined amount.
· In an offset arrangement, the seller assists in marketing the products manufactured in the buying country. It may also allow a portion of the assembly of the exported products for the manufacturers to carry out in the buying country. This is often practiced in the aerospace and defense industries.
Legal Entity Identifier
LEGAL ENTITY IDENTIFIER
Reserve Bank of India has made Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) code mandatory for all market participants, other than individuals.
LEI:
• It is a 20 character global reference number conceived by G20 that uniquely identifies every legal entity or structure that is party to a financial transaction, in any jurisdiction.
• Internationally LEI is implemented and maintained by Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation through Local Operation Units (LOU) established by each country independently and voluntarily.
• LEI information is publicly available free of charge and It is reviewed, updated and validated annually by LOUs.
• In India entities can obtain LEI from Legal Entity Identifier India Ltd (LEIL) (only LOU of India), subsidiary of The Clearing Corporation of India Ltd, recognized by RBI under Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007.
Need and benefits of LEI in India:
• Monitoring debt: Banks are now required to acquire LEI
number from the borrower and report it to Central Repository of Information on Large Credit. A consolidated data under LEI mechanism will help banks to monitor debt exposure of corporate borrowers and also prevent multiple loans against the same collateral, thus helping reduce NPAs
• Money Laundering: Global financial transactions are difficult to track. However, LEI being a unique global identifier, making it mandatory for all transactions regulated by RBI will help identifying the entity party to the transaction easily and accurately.
• Tool for RBI: To gain better insight into corporate actions (particularly M&A activity).
• Other benefits: LEI will improve internal data flow and risk monitoring processes and allow the industry to meet regulatory reporting requirements while minimizing costs.
Reserve Bank of India has made Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) code mandatory for all market participants, other than individuals.
LEI:
• It is a 20 character global reference number conceived by G20 that uniquely identifies every legal entity or structure that is party to a financial transaction, in any jurisdiction.
• Internationally LEI is implemented and maintained by Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation through Local Operation Units (LOU) established by each country independently and voluntarily.
• LEI information is publicly available free of charge and It is reviewed, updated and validated annually by LOUs.
• In India entities can obtain LEI from Legal Entity Identifier India Ltd (LEIL) (only LOU of India), subsidiary of The Clearing Corporation of India Ltd, recognized by RBI under Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007.
Need and benefits of LEI in India:
• Monitoring debt: Banks are now required to acquire LEI
number from the borrower and report it to Central Repository of Information on Large Credit. A consolidated data under LEI mechanism will help banks to monitor debt exposure of corporate borrowers and also prevent multiple loans against the same collateral, thus helping reduce NPAs
• Money Laundering: Global financial transactions are difficult to track. However, LEI being a unique global identifier, making it mandatory for all transactions regulated by RBI will help identifying the entity party to the transaction easily and accurately.
• Tool for RBI: To gain better insight into corporate actions (particularly M&A activity).
• Other benefits: LEI will improve internal data flow and risk monitoring processes and allow the industry to meet regulatory reporting requirements while minimizing costs.
Sunday, 22 March 2020
New All IIBF Certifications PDFs in single link 2020-2021
All IIBF Certification PDFs in single link 2020-2021
Read corresponding IIBF books .. Macmillan / Taxmann.
These all materials are extra information to get knowledge.
All the best
Face book:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/543054539662893/
Certified credit officer/Professionals 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lUW00Y-qnVzH9R9QB4ZjGqeShYDATS-e/view?usp=sharing
CAIIB ABM 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/10AkzgCtLyYexdKulaYY3B1ljHRJPGuLu/view?usp=sharing
MSME 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1m1qF2hh9D0hpVvFTlNCR2rvpYAiEQTD8/view?usp=sharing
KYC AML:2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1T__7x42LV1HaG9YBQuMkAIPvS9GAHeL8/view?usp=sharing
BCSBI:2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lSOKtV5OrThXmCwiB4TGVyOjZVVtjThd/view?usp=sharing
CAIIB IT:2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t7Ein_FE5YMruvDQPOG4Z3Z-TE-Xmp_1/view?usp=sharing
Certified Treasury Professionals:2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lVvYYtYC797vn1DKuSAsCxJhkv3E1JxK/view?usp=sharing
Digital banking 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lckjesn0gs0kiOZID1aBubb4tiHvbzPE/view?usp=sharing
Forex Individual 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lf3o8SRqy2_aRJulq9qf2q0krHmFlKok/view?usp=sharing
Forex Operations 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lnPrVdXPVsc3sve8OwsjE87OEgsxsAVb/view?usp=sharing
Cyber Crime and fraud management 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1m2y5bwuUa1vKkBjx5DjwH17dNf8BP-xu/view?usp=sharing
Information System for Bankers 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lt0r7cRzJHTmBXsmF9xvEYFzaaxHCxTI/view?usp=sharing
International Trade Finance 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lxS3FGgdzI5Q-rJFPufnVUSA69TpVjT3/view?usp=sharing
IT SECURITY 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ly9nfxTpucTPKB6kuV-mIod4pTc97ceg/view?usp=sharing
Micro finance 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lzMSuWctOJUrKnNP_FfRlQL9ngs1U6aS/view?usp=sharing
Risk In financial services 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1m7eITlMDdKTnc1FU1sSIKJtP8IcrZrG1/view?usp=sharing
Certified Audit Professionals:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1m8aQcdD4qr7R4QzUEgiN1Paw_rWhKWsm/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zoloZKNR2-UsBGIf0gw1ErhD0F2Y9mHW/view?usp=sharing
Telegram:
https://t.me/joinchat/KP68xFdZGztM7iDAuS4ueg
Read corresponding IIBF books .. Macmillan / Taxmann.
These all materials are extra information to get knowledge.
All the best
Face book:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/543054539662893/
Certified credit officer/Professionals 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lUW00Y-qnVzH9R9QB4ZjGqeShYDATS-e/view?usp=sharing
CAIIB ABM 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/10AkzgCtLyYexdKulaYY3B1ljHRJPGuLu/view?usp=sharing
MSME 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1m1qF2hh9D0hpVvFTlNCR2rvpYAiEQTD8/view?usp=sharing
KYC AML:2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1T__7x42LV1HaG9YBQuMkAIPvS9GAHeL8/view?usp=sharing
BCSBI:2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lSOKtV5OrThXmCwiB4TGVyOjZVVtjThd/view?usp=sharing
CAIIB IT:2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t7Ein_FE5YMruvDQPOG4Z3Z-TE-Xmp_1/view?usp=sharing
Certified Treasury Professionals:2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lVvYYtYC797vn1DKuSAsCxJhkv3E1JxK/view?usp=sharing
Digital banking 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lckjesn0gs0kiOZID1aBubb4tiHvbzPE/view?usp=sharing
Forex Individual 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lf3o8SRqy2_aRJulq9qf2q0krHmFlKok/view?usp=sharing
Forex Operations 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lnPrVdXPVsc3sve8OwsjE87OEgsxsAVb/view?usp=sharing
Cyber Crime and fraud management 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1m2y5bwuUa1vKkBjx5DjwH17dNf8BP-xu/view?usp=sharing
Information System for Bankers 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lt0r7cRzJHTmBXsmF9xvEYFzaaxHCxTI/view?usp=sharing
International Trade Finance 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lxS3FGgdzI5Q-rJFPufnVUSA69TpVjT3/view?usp=sharing
IT SECURITY 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ly9nfxTpucTPKB6kuV-mIod4pTc97ceg/view?usp=sharing
Micro finance 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lzMSuWctOJUrKnNP_FfRlQL9ngs1U6aS/view?usp=sharing
Risk In financial services 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1m7eITlMDdKTnc1FU1sSIKJtP8IcrZrG1/view?usp=sharing
Certified Audit Professionals:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1m8aQcdD4qr7R4QzUEgiN1Paw_rWhKWsm/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zoloZKNR2-UsBGIf0gw1ErhD0F2Y9mHW/view?usp=sharing
Telegram:
https://t.me/joinchat/KP68xFdZGztM7iDAuS4ueg
Forex operations recollected questions on 23.02.2020
Forex operations recollected questions on 23.02.2020
how many incoterms...
CIP meaning ...
Export registration valid for how many years...
Pre requisite for exporter importer (pan / IEC/ Registration with export promotion council)...
Duty rate in EPCG scheme?...
Back office front office middle office differentiation...
Normal transit period means ?
NTP for foreign bill...
Corporate donation can be done for which of the following purposes...
Gift from resident to non resident can be credited to which account ...
Hedging of ecb ...
Refinance of ecb ....
Ecb eligibility for startups ...
Short medium long term loans def...
Uniform rules for collection code number....
BPO three questions...
Docdex rules timeline for disposal of disputes
Ex works.....
counsel invoice...
Lc rules defined under which articles...
Rejection code in swift...
45a of swift form defines wat...
Ecgc whole turnover pc...
Forfeiting definition...
Definition of credit...
Meis sies schemes in FTP 2020...
GSTP which country not in list...
Duty drawback refund exemptions....
Date of export in multimodal transport...
Current account definition...
Prohibited capital investments...
Stale document in lc...
Bill of ladding on board definition....
Shipping insurance is not fully indemnified ...
High sea sales happens before ?..
High sea sales happens at ...
Export value will be taken at fob or cif under export schemes...
Direct transfer of documents between seller and buyer in case of preferential trade agreement countries...
How much maximum advance repayment in normal imports ....
How much maximum advance repayment in services imports...
Software export happens through which package....
Overdue bills liquidation at wat rate...
Overdue bills rate of interest after 360 days...
Lc is opened against ? Confirmed order / po confirmed by seller ...
Avalising meaning ...
Counselor invoice meaning
how many incoterms...
CIP meaning ...
Export registration valid for how many years...
Pre requisite for exporter importer (pan / IEC/ Registration with export promotion council)...
Duty rate in EPCG scheme?...
Back office front office middle office differentiation...
Normal transit period means ?
NTP for foreign bill...
Corporate donation can be done for which of the following purposes...
Gift from resident to non resident can be credited to which account ...
Hedging of ecb ...
Refinance of ecb ....
Ecb eligibility for startups ...
Short medium long term loans def...
Uniform rules for collection code number....
BPO three questions...
Docdex rules timeline for disposal of disputes
Ex works.....
counsel invoice...
Lc rules defined under which articles...
Rejection code in swift...
45a of swift form defines wat...
Ecgc whole turnover pc...
Forfeiting definition...
Definition of credit...
Meis sies schemes in FTP 2020...
GSTP which country not in list...
Duty drawback refund exemptions....
Date of export in multimodal transport...
Current account definition...
Prohibited capital investments...
Stale document in lc...
Bill of ladding on board definition....
Shipping insurance is not fully indemnified ...
High sea sales happens before ?..
High sea sales happens at ...
Export value will be taken at fob or cif under export schemes...
Direct transfer of documents between seller and buyer in case of preferential trade agreement countries...
How much maximum advance repayment in normal imports ....
How much maximum advance repayment in services imports...
Software export happens through which package....
Overdue bills liquidation at wat rate...
Overdue bills rate of interest after 360 days...
Lc is opened against ? Confirmed order / po confirmed by seller ...
Avalising meaning ...
Counselor invoice meaning
Recollected questions on IT security 19.01.2020
Recollected questions on IT security
19.01.2020
1. Major change in It act 2008 and IT act 2000
2. which act is ammened after CTS ? choices r Rbi a t BR act Indian evudence act
3.It security s resoonsible fir all employes and driver is CiSO
4.Ciso will report to Hirm
5. Threat vulnerability case study
6. Threat vector
7.crime s not bcos of oppurtnty need ratiaisation answer s inteligence
8.Which metal dector is used in inland indepth
9. which metal detector cannot diferentiate metals
10. which does not comes under indepth Security
11.SQL injection
12. case study qn on Rootkit
1e.RTP
14.ROP
15.unit twating /whitebox/ blackbox testing
16. warm site/ cold site
17. COBIT developed by which agency of USA
18.which ia bench mark of Indian security stds COBIT OR IASA
19. what has to be hand over to conpany in case of Escrow arrangement- Source code
20. When it has to handover and who should demand the codes under escrow agreemnt
30.salomi technique
31. Acess control case study
32. Acess control policy is for Physical acess or al type access
33. For software protection no physical security s needed or physic security is fully needed or partly if it s a single pC.
34.Maker checker checjer has role power more than maker.
35which is cheaper RFID or Barcode reader
36. wether both bar code reader and RFID can be scanned with same scanner?
37.when a sytem ahould be Tagged with RFId as soon as it is bought or wen it is brought yo the company erc.
38. Arranging the sequence of Physical.movembt of Hardwares like listing sequencing tagging etc.
39. life cycle of aoftware devepmnetn lik planning devolping testing implementing and the mam twist is wether maintannce comes under life cycle of developing or the life cycl ends with inplementing only.?
40.which fire extinguisher to b used in setver room Co2
41.CAPtCha is case sensitive
42.stenography/ cryptography.
43 Malware/ spyware/ Addware/ Botner
44. wether Botnet iz a malwRe,?
45. Wanna cry is a ransomware
46. Some question was abt layers in Osi model
47.Ddos
48.dual core process
49. Trapdoor
50.Bit glass
51. Digital india aims at - bringing internet and e governancce to all parts of society
t2. Cobit is computer governance or IT governamce
53. which ia important in bank customer data prootection along with adata centre or Only dafa centres hvng other data?
54. Atm jackpotti g
55. Green dispensor
56.Load balancing
57. wether security policy of a company is confidential or it can be known to all
58.PGP
59.Dumbster Drving
50. which technique if used for mallicious intention bcomes crime - Sniffing
60. Iso 27700 /27001/27002 _ 2 questions
61. open source application - MS word
62. PCI dss used for??
63. Iaas Paas
76. In buffef overflow attacker targets_ stack
77. secuirty to be ensured untill last mile
78. -Network attac hed storage
79. why disk duplex is better than disk miroring
80.Zeus is a malware attacking banks
81. Zombies
82.spiral model/ iterative model/ waterfall model case study
83.jitter technology
84. pDC (plan do chek)
85. which std is used for life çycle Iso/iec 5288:2008
Questions are modearaate. Taxman book is more than enough to pass. If V COMPLete Cyber crime and fraud managemnt exam before completing IT security it will be easier since 30% questions can be related.
In Taxman book at the end of Each topic few topics were given under the title "KEY WORDS". Most questions are from that.
19.01.2020
1. Major change in It act 2008 and IT act 2000
2. which act is ammened after CTS ? choices r Rbi a t BR act Indian evudence act
3.It security s resoonsible fir all employes and driver is CiSO
4.Ciso will report to Hirm
5. Threat vulnerability case study
6. Threat vector
7.crime s not bcos of oppurtnty need ratiaisation answer s inteligence
8.Which metal dector is used in inland indepth
9. which metal detector cannot diferentiate metals
10. which does not comes under indepth Security
11.SQL injection
12. case study qn on Rootkit
1e.RTP
14.ROP
15.unit twating /whitebox/ blackbox testing
16. warm site/ cold site
17. COBIT developed by which agency of USA
18.which ia bench mark of Indian security stds COBIT OR IASA
19. what has to be hand over to conpany in case of Escrow arrangement- Source code
20. When it has to handover and who should demand the codes under escrow agreemnt
30.salomi technique
31. Acess control case study
32. Acess control policy is for Physical acess or al type access
33. For software protection no physical security s needed or physic security is fully needed or partly if it s a single pC.
34.Maker checker checjer has role power more than maker.
35which is cheaper RFID or Barcode reader
36. wether both bar code reader and RFID can be scanned with same scanner?
37.when a sytem ahould be Tagged with RFId as soon as it is bought or wen it is brought yo the company erc.
38. Arranging the sequence of Physical.movembt of Hardwares like listing sequencing tagging etc.
39. life cycle of aoftware devepmnetn lik planning devolping testing implementing and the mam twist is wether maintannce comes under life cycle of developing or the life cycl ends with inplementing only.?
40.which fire extinguisher to b used in setver room Co2
41.CAPtCha is case sensitive
42.stenography/ cryptography.
43 Malware/ spyware/ Addware/ Botner
44. wether Botnet iz a malwRe,?
45. Wanna cry is a ransomware
46. Some question was abt layers in Osi model
47.Ddos
48.dual core process
49. Trapdoor
50.Bit glass
51. Digital india aims at - bringing internet and e governancce to all parts of society
t2. Cobit is computer governance or IT governamce
53. which ia important in bank customer data prootection along with adata centre or Only dafa centres hvng other data?
54. Atm jackpotti g
55. Green dispensor
56.Load balancing
57. wether security policy of a company is confidential or it can be known to all
58.PGP
59.Dumbster Drving
50. which technique if used for mallicious intention bcomes crime - Sniffing
60. Iso 27700 /27001/27002 _ 2 questions
61. open source application - MS word
62. PCI dss used for??
63. Iaas Paas
76. In buffef overflow attacker targets_ stack
77. secuirty to be ensured untill last mile
78. -Network attac hed storage
79. why disk duplex is better than disk miroring
80.Zeus is a malware attacking banks
81. Zombies
82.spiral model/ iterative model/ waterfall model case study
83.jitter technology
84. pDC (plan do chek)
85. which std is used for life çycle Iso/iec 5288:2008
Questions are modearaate. Taxman book is more than enough to pass. If V COMPLete Cyber crime and fraud managemnt exam before completing IT security it will be easier since 30% questions can be related.
In Taxman book at the end of Each topic few topics were given under the title "KEY WORDS". Most questions are from that.
KYV AML mcqs
AML-KYC
1. In the process of customer identification, the customer identification data should be updated __________ in 5 years in case of low risk category, and __________ in case of medium and high risk category customers.
1. Twice; 1 year
2. Once; 1 years
3. Twice; 2 years
4. Once; 2 years*
2. ____________ is the process of keeping the amount lower than that fixed for reporting and building similar transactions till the amount planned to be laundered is reached fully.
1. Entrailing
2. Lading
3. Slushing
4. Smurfing*
3.What information about the correspondent bank must be available
1. Major business activities
2. The bank's management
3. Level of AML/KYC compliance
4. All of the above*
4. Which of the following acts defines the offence of Money Laundering as under – “Engaging directly or indirectly in a transaction that involves property, that is proceeds of crime (or) derived from proceeds of crime (or) knowingly receiving, possessing, concealing, disguising, transpiring, converting, disposing off within the territories of India, removing form or bringing into the territory of India the property that is proceeds of crime”
1. Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2005
2. Active Money Laundering Act (AMLA), 2003
3. Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002*
4. Impediment of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002
5. Which of the following is a high risk activity?
1. A customer purchasing a car from a local garage
2. Printing a statement for a customer
3. A loan for home improvement
4. Money transfer to unknown third parties*
6. Please read the KYC practice given below. Identify the KYC element which best relates to the stated practice. Well-developed and applied customer assessments enable identification and classification of potentially high-risk customers. This is known as _____________.
1. customer acceptance*
2. customer identification
3. accounts and transaction monitoring
4. risk management
7. Which of the crime is not included under PMLA, 2002 for proceeds of crime
1. Drug trafficking
2. Kidnapping
3. Murder
4. None of the above*
8. Who file a report onward to the FIU-IND, if the Bank concludes that a transaction is suspicious
1. PO*
2. senior management
3. Internal Audit and Control team
4. None of the above
9. Laundering might attempt a series of small currency transaction over time because _____________.
1. a provision of the bank secrecy act requires the filing of CTR for a transaction exceeding Rs. 10 Lakhs*
2. Larger amount are too risky to carry around
3. that's the way in which launderers take in the funds
4. None of the above
10. The three stages of money laundering are ____________.
1. Layering, Placement, Refining
2. Placement, Refining, Integration
3. Refining. Integration, Layering
4. Integration, Layering, Placement*
11. What should awareness and training of staff on AML/KYC, should cover
1. need to know the true identity of the customer
2. need to know enough about the nature of business activities expected
3. to know what might constitute suspicious activity
4. All of the above*
12. Money laundering involves three independent steps that often occurs simultaneously. Which of the following best explains the layering in the process of money laundering?
1. Physically placing bulk cash proceeds
2. Separating the proceeds of criminal activity from their origin, through complex level of financial transactions*
3. Providing a legitimate explanation for the illicit proceeds
4. None of the above
13. What is not audited by Internal Audit and Control teams of the banks
1. adequacy of policies
2. adequacy of procedures
3. system support to detect suspicious and potential money laundering transaction
4. None of the above*
14. What should you consider when managing AML/CTF in your business?
1. Knowing your customer
2. Destination of funds
3. Methods of delivery such as cash, telephone and internet banking
4. All of the above*
15. When is induction training provided to employees
1. start of their employment*
2. end of their employment
3. Depends upon trainer availability
4. Depends upon training schedule
16. What services are offered by correspondent banks
1. International wire transfers
2. Cheque clearing
3. Cash/fund transfers
4. All of the above*
17. ____________ is a bank which is incorporated in a country where is no physical presence and is not affiliated to any regulated financial group.
1. Correspondent Bank
2. Shell Bank*
3. Respondent Bank
4. Compendium Bank
18. Which element of an effective transaction monitoring process, involves scrutiny of the transactions carried out by the customer over a longer period of time
1. Analysis of transactions*
2. Identification of Exceptional transactions
3. Enhanced Due Diligence
4. None of the above
19. Which of the following should be treated as a ‘customer’ for prudent KYC analysis?
1. any person or company which can conduct a transaction in relation to an account offered by a ban
2. any person who is a signatory to an account offered by a building society
3. any person or company which holds an account issued by a credit union
4. All of the above*
20. Customer verification is vital to any KYC procedure. What is acceptable in verifying an individual customer? Select the incorrect response from the alternatives below. In verifying an individual customer, you can rely on ____________.
1. a certified copy of a birth certificate in conjunction with the customer's drivers licence and Medicare card
2. sighting original identification such as birth certificate and drivers licence
3. a reference from a good friend*
4. None of the above
21. ________________ services are used to buy or sell foreign currencies, to consolidate small denomination bank notes into larger ones, or to exchange financial instruments. Criminals are attracted to this method of laundering as they are not as heavily regulated as traditional financial institutions.
1. Remittance
2. Bureaux De Change*
3. Back-to-Back Loans
4. Collection Accounts
22. ________________ are fake companies that appear on paper, but may not physically exist.
1. Shell Companies*
2. Front Companies
3. Offshore Banking
4. Hawala Systems
23. During customer acceptance and identification activities, on which of the following customers should enhanced due diligence be conducted?
1. trustees, nominees, and fiduciaries
2. non-face-to-face customers
3. correspondent accounts
4. All of the above*
24. Which one of the following is a Valid document available to the bank for customer identification?
1. Election ID card*
2. Ration Card
3. Bank statement of account
4. Photograph
25. Which of the following terms is used to describe the process of sending money through multiple financial institutions to make it difficult to track?
1. Integration
2. Camouflage
3. Placement
4. Layering*
26. What should be recorded regarding records of employee training on AML/KYC
1. date of training
2. nature of the training received
3. attendance
4. All of the above*
27. Money derived from criminal activity is known as _______________.
1. Proceeds Possession
2. Proceeds of Crime*
3. Dirty Money
4. Crime Laundering
28. Money laundering is the result of crime and the persons behind the crimes appear to be using banking channels for the purpose of _______________. (I) fund transmission (II) creating a legal front of money raised through illegal and humanity demeaning methods.
1. Only (I) above
2. Only (II) above
3. Both (I) and (II) above*
4. None of the above
29. What should employees be aware about the handling of transactions which may involve money laundering
1. potential effect on the bank
2. potential effect on bank's employees
3. potential effect on bank's customers
4. All of the above*
30. Which of the following are required documents to establish both the identity and the correct address while opening accounts of companies? (I) Certificate of incorporation and Memorandum of Articles of Association (II) Resolution of Board of Directors to open an account, and identification of those who have the authority to operate the account (III) Power of Attorney granted to a partner or an employee of the firm to transact business on its behalf (IV) Copy of PAN allotment letter (V) Copy of telephone bill
1. (I), (II), (III) and (IV) above
2. (I), (II), (IV) and (V) above
3. (II), (III), (IV) and (V) above
4. (I), (II), (III), (IV) and (V) above*
31. _______________ is the provision of banking services by one bank to another bank.
1. Respondent Banking
2. Crude Banking
3. Correspondent Banking*
4. None of the above
32. While monitoring of customer transaction it should be ensured that there is no _________ i.e., manipulation of the size of transaction so that if seen individually they fall below the threshold that needs to be reported to the monitoring authority.
1. Entrailing
2. Structuring*
3. Lading
4. Slushing
33. AML/KYC guidelines are issued under ____________.
1. BR Act,1949
2. PMLA,2002
3. RBI Act
4. Both A and B above*
34. _____________ is a matrix of different components (such as source of funds, level of income, volume and frequency of transaction etc) that helps arrive at a benchmark transaction for individual customer transactions, against which a comparison can be made.
1. KYC Profile
2. Customer Risk Profile
3. Transaction Profile*
4. Interim Profile
35. Please read the KYC practice given below. Identify the KYC element which best relates to the stated practice. High-risk customer activity is regularly reviewed and substantial high-risk customers are personally known to management. This is known as _____________.
1. customer acceptance
2. customer identification
3. accounts and transaction monitoring*
4. risk management
36. Money Laundering refers to ____________.
1. Conversion of cash in to gold
2. Conversation of assets into cash
3. Conversion of assets into cash
4. Conversion of money which is illegally obtained*
37. How does KYC checks be communicated to customers of bank
1. Incorporating the requirements in the account opening forms
2. Publishing relevant information on the websites of the bank
3. Providing a ready reckoner on frequently asked questions related to KYC
4. All of the above*
38. As a manager/Compliance officer, it is a part of your job to ____________.
1. Maintain your companies AML Program
2. Ensure that proper reports are filed and records are maintained
3. Ensure that all employees report suspicious activities
4. All of the above*
39. What factors and characteristics come into play for the process of customer profiling
1. buying patterns
2. creditworthiness
3. purchase history
4. All of the above*
40. CTR stands for ____________.
1. Custom Trafficking Report
2. Current Transaction Receipt
3. Currency Transaction Report*
4. Criminal Trading Raid
41. ______________ are engaged in selling goods and providing services, with large volume of business and often engaged in cash dealings.
1. Shell Companies
2. Front Companies*
3. Offshore Banking
4. Hawala Systems
42. Which of the following document/s can be accepted by banks as a proof of Customer Identification?
1. Electricity Bill
2. Salary Slip
3. Income/Wealth Tax Assessment Order
4. Election I card*
43. What should relevant employees be aware of
1. Policies and procedures put in place to prevent money laundering
2. Procedures put in place to prevent money laundering
3. KYC/AML guidelines issued by the RBI
4. All of the above*
44. What objective parameters can be used for enhanced due diligence
1. Customer location
2. Financial status
3. Nature of business
4. All of the above*
45. PAN (Permanent Account Number) is compulsory for Fixed Deposits, Remittances like DDs/TTS/RTCs etc _________.
1. if the amount exceeds Rs.10,000
2. if the amount exceeds Rs.25,000
3. if the amount exceeds Rs.50,000*
4. no such limit is fixed by the Income Tax Authorities
46. What are not the responsibility of the senior management
1. Appointment of PO
2. Managing the risk of money laundering
3. Internal Reporting Procedures
4. None of the above*
47. Which of the following is an example of smurfing?
1. Wiring money to a foreign country
2. A broker buying dollars with rupees
3. A drug dealer asking a stranger to buy money order with drug money*
4. All of the above
48. A lawyer who banks with you is a sole practitioner. He wants to open a trust account for a client. He provides you with the trust documents and the name and address of the trust beneficiary but is unable to provide additional details due to a client confidentiality obligation. You notice that the address is from an overseas jurisdiction. What level of due diligence would be required?
1. This situation does not require enhanced due diligence. You know the lawyer well and you have been provided with the trust documents and identity of the beneficiary.
2. This situation requires enhanced due diligence because an offshore jurisdiction is involved*
3. This situation requires enhanced due diligence because the lawyer is clearly hiding something when he says he is under a client confidentiality obligation
4. None of the above
49. Please read the KYC practice given below. Identify the KYC element which best relates to the stated practice. Effective information-gathering strategies enable building of a solid information base about each customer. This is known as ______________.
1. customer acceptance
2. customer identification*
3. accounts and transaction monitoring
4. risk management
50. What suspicion does frequent cash deposits in the account followed by ATM withdrawals at different locations with no valid explanation, can lead to
1. Doubtful source of cash deposited in bank account
2. Doubtful use of safe deposit locker
3. Suspicious use of ATM card*
4. None of the above
===============================
1. In the process of customer identification, the customer identification data should be updated __________ in 5 years in case of low risk category, and __________ in case of medium and high risk category customers.
1. Twice; 1 year
2. Once; 1 years
3. Twice; 2 years
4. Once; 2 years*
2. ____________ is the process of keeping the amount lower than that fixed for reporting and building similar transactions till the amount planned to be laundered is reached fully.
1. Entrailing
2. Lading
3. Slushing
4. Smurfing*
3.What information about the correspondent bank must be available
1. Major business activities
2. The bank's management
3. Level of AML/KYC compliance
4. All of the above*
4. Which of the following acts defines the offence of Money Laundering as under – “Engaging directly or indirectly in a transaction that involves property, that is proceeds of crime (or) derived from proceeds of crime (or) knowingly receiving, possessing, concealing, disguising, transpiring, converting, disposing off within the territories of India, removing form or bringing into the territory of India the property that is proceeds of crime”
1. Anti-Money Laundering Act, 2005
2. Active Money Laundering Act (AMLA), 2003
3. Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002*
4. Impediment of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002
5. Which of the following is a high risk activity?
1. A customer purchasing a car from a local garage
2. Printing a statement for a customer
3. A loan for home improvement
4. Money transfer to unknown third parties*
6. Please read the KYC practice given below. Identify the KYC element which best relates to the stated practice. Well-developed and applied customer assessments enable identification and classification of potentially high-risk customers. This is known as _____________.
1. customer acceptance*
2. customer identification
3. accounts and transaction monitoring
4. risk management
7. Which of the crime is not included under PMLA, 2002 for proceeds of crime
1. Drug trafficking
2. Kidnapping
3. Murder
4. None of the above*
8. Who file a report onward to the FIU-IND, if the Bank concludes that a transaction is suspicious
1. PO*
2. senior management
3. Internal Audit and Control team
4. None of the above
9. Laundering might attempt a series of small currency transaction over time because _____________.
1. a provision of the bank secrecy act requires the filing of CTR for a transaction exceeding Rs. 10 Lakhs*
2. Larger amount are too risky to carry around
3. that's the way in which launderers take in the funds
4. None of the above
10. The three stages of money laundering are ____________.
1. Layering, Placement, Refining
2. Placement, Refining, Integration
3. Refining. Integration, Layering
4. Integration, Layering, Placement*
11. What should awareness and training of staff on AML/KYC, should cover
1. need to know the true identity of the customer
2. need to know enough about the nature of business activities expected
3. to know what might constitute suspicious activity
4. All of the above*
12. Money laundering involves three independent steps that often occurs simultaneously. Which of the following best explains the layering in the process of money laundering?
1. Physically placing bulk cash proceeds
2. Separating the proceeds of criminal activity from their origin, through complex level of financial transactions*
3. Providing a legitimate explanation for the illicit proceeds
4. None of the above
13. What is not audited by Internal Audit and Control teams of the banks
1. adequacy of policies
2. adequacy of procedures
3. system support to detect suspicious and potential money laundering transaction
4. None of the above*
14. What should you consider when managing AML/CTF in your business?
1. Knowing your customer
2. Destination of funds
3. Methods of delivery such as cash, telephone and internet banking
4. All of the above*
15. When is induction training provided to employees
1. start of their employment*
2. end of their employment
3. Depends upon trainer availability
4. Depends upon training schedule
16. What services are offered by correspondent banks
1. International wire transfers
2. Cheque clearing
3. Cash/fund transfers
4. All of the above*
17. ____________ is a bank which is incorporated in a country where is no physical presence and is not affiliated to any regulated financial group.
1. Correspondent Bank
2. Shell Bank*
3. Respondent Bank
4. Compendium Bank
18. Which element of an effective transaction monitoring process, involves scrutiny of the transactions carried out by the customer over a longer period of time
1. Analysis of transactions*
2. Identification of Exceptional transactions
3. Enhanced Due Diligence
4. None of the above
19. Which of the following should be treated as a ‘customer’ for prudent KYC analysis?
1. any person or company which can conduct a transaction in relation to an account offered by a ban
2. any person who is a signatory to an account offered by a building society
3. any person or company which holds an account issued by a credit union
4. All of the above*
20. Customer verification is vital to any KYC procedure. What is acceptable in verifying an individual customer? Select the incorrect response from the alternatives below. In verifying an individual customer, you can rely on ____________.
1. a certified copy of a birth certificate in conjunction with the customer's drivers licence and Medicare card
2. sighting original identification such as birth certificate and drivers licence
3. a reference from a good friend*
4. None of the above
21. ________________ services are used to buy or sell foreign currencies, to consolidate small denomination bank notes into larger ones, or to exchange financial instruments. Criminals are attracted to this method of laundering as they are not as heavily regulated as traditional financial institutions.
1. Remittance
2. Bureaux De Change*
3. Back-to-Back Loans
4. Collection Accounts
22. ________________ are fake companies that appear on paper, but may not physically exist.
1. Shell Companies*
2. Front Companies
3. Offshore Banking
4. Hawala Systems
23. During customer acceptance and identification activities, on which of the following customers should enhanced due diligence be conducted?
1. trustees, nominees, and fiduciaries
2. non-face-to-face customers
3. correspondent accounts
4. All of the above*
24. Which one of the following is a Valid document available to the bank for customer identification?
1. Election ID card*
2. Ration Card
3. Bank statement of account
4. Photograph
25. Which of the following terms is used to describe the process of sending money through multiple financial institutions to make it difficult to track?
1. Integration
2. Camouflage
3. Placement
4. Layering*
26. What should be recorded regarding records of employee training on AML/KYC
1. date of training
2. nature of the training received
3. attendance
4. All of the above*
27. Money derived from criminal activity is known as _______________.
1. Proceeds Possession
2. Proceeds of Crime*
3. Dirty Money
4. Crime Laundering
28. Money laundering is the result of crime and the persons behind the crimes appear to be using banking channels for the purpose of _______________. (I) fund transmission (II) creating a legal front of money raised through illegal and humanity demeaning methods.
1. Only (I) above
2. Only (II) above
3. Both (I) and (II) above*
4. None of the above
29. What should employees be aware about the handling of transactions which may involve money laundering
1. potential effect on the bank
2. potential effect on bank's employees
3. potential effect on bank's customers
4. All of the above*
30. Which of the following are required documents to establish both the identity and the correct address while opening accounts of companies? (I) Certificate of incorporation and Memorandum of Articles of Association (II) Resolution of Board of Directors to open an account, and identification of those who have the authority to operate the account (III) Power of Attorney granted to a partner or an employee of the firm to transact business on its behalf (IV) Copy of PAN allotment letter (V) Copy of telephone bill
1. (I), (II), (III) and (IV) above
2. (I), (II), (IV) and (V) above
3. (II), (III), (IV) and (V) above
4. (I), (II), (III), (IV) and (V) above*
31. _______________ is the provision of banking services by one bank to another bank.
1. Respondent Banking
2. Crude Banking
3. Correspondent Banking*
4. None of the above
32. While monitoring of customer transaction it should be ensured that there is no _________ i.e., manipulation of the size of transaction so that if seen individually they fall below the threshold that needs to be reported to the monitoring authority.
1. Entrailing
2. Structuring*
3. Lading
4. Slushing
33. AML/KYC guidelines are issued under ____________.
1. BR Act,1949
2. PMLA,2002
3. RBI Act
4. Both A and B above*
34. _____________ is a matrix of different components (such as source of funds, level of income, volume and frequency of transaction etc) that helps arrive at a benchmark transaction for individual customer transactions, against which a comparison can be made.
1. KYC Profile
2. Customer Risk Profile
3. Transaction Profile*
4. Interim Profile
35. Please read the KYC practice given below. Identify the KYC element which best relates to the stated practice. High-risk customer activity is regularly reviewed and substantial high-risk customers are personally known to management. This is known as _____________.
1. customer acceptance
2. customer identification
3. accounts and transaction monitoring*
4. risk management
36. Money Laundering refers to ____________.
1. Conversion of cash in to gold
2. Conversation of assets into cash
3. Conversion of assets into cash
4. Conversion of money which is illegally obtained*
37. How does KYC checks be communicated to customers of bank
1. Incorporating the requirements in the account opening forms
2. Publishing relevant information on the websites of the bank
3. Providing a ready reckoner on frequently asked questions related to KYC
4. All of the above*
38. As a manager/Compliance officer, it is a part of your job to ____________.
1. Maintain your companies AML Program
2. Ensure that proper reports are filed and records are maintained
3. Ensure that all employees report suspicious activities
4. All of the above*
39. What factors and characteristics come into play for the process of customer profiling
1. buying patterns
2. creditworthiness
3. purchase history
4. All of the above*
40. CTR stands for ____________.
1. Custom Trafficking Report
2. Current Transaction Receipt
3. Currency Transaction Report*
4. Criminal Trading Raid
41. ______________ are engaged in selling goods and providing services, with large volume of business and often engaged in cash dealings.
1. Shell Companies
2. Front Companies*
3. Offshore Banking
4. Hawala Systems
42. Which of the following document/s can be accepted by banks as a proof of Customer Identification?
1. Electricity Bill
2. Salary Slip
3. Income/Wealth Tax Assessment Order
4. Election I card*
43. What should relevant employees be aware of
1. Policies and procedures put in place to prevent money laundering
2. Procedures put in place to prevent money laundering
3. KYC/AML guidelines issued by the RBI
4. All of the above*
44. What objective parameters can be used for enhanced due diligence
1. Customer location
2. Financial status
3. Nature of business
4. All of the above*
45. PAN (Permanent Account Number) is compulsory for Fixed Deposits, Remittances like DDs/TTS/RTCs etc _________.
1. if the amount exceeds Rs.10,000
2. if the amount exceeds Rs.25,000
3. if the amount exceeds Rs.50,000*
4. no such limit is fixed by the Income Tax Authorities
46. What are not the responsibility of the senior management
1. Appointment of PO
2. Managing the risk of money laundering
3. Internal Reporting Procedures
4. None of the above*
47. Which of the following is an example of smurfing?
1. Wiring money to a foreign country
2. A broker buying dollars with rupees
3. A drug dealer asking a stranger to buy money order with drug money*
4. All of the above
48. A lawyer who banks with you is a sole practitioner. He wants to open a trust account for a client. He provides you with the trust documents and the name and address of the trust beneficiary but is unable to provide additional details due to a client confidentiality obligation. You notice that the address is from an overseas jurisdiction. What level of due diligence would be required?
1. This situation does not require enhanced due diligence. You know the lawyer well and you have been provided with the trust documents and identity of the beneficiary.
2. This situation requires enhanced due diligence because an offshore jurisdiction is involved*
3. This situation requires enhanced due diligence because the lawyer is clearly hiding something when he says he is under a client confidentiality obligation
4. None of the above
49. Please read the KYC practice given below. Identify the KYC element which best relates to the stated practice. Effective information-gathering strategies enable building of a solid information base about each customer. This is known as ______________.
1. customer acceptance
2. customer identification*
3. accounts and transaction monitoring
4. risk management
50. What suspicion does frequent cash deposits in the account followed by ATM withdrawals at different locations with no valid explanation, can lead to
1. Doubtful source of cash deposited in bank account
2. Doubtful use of safe deposit locker
3. Suspicious use of ATM card*
4. None of the above
===============================
Sunday, 15 March 2020
Caiib ABM recollcted
Re-collected questions posted by our members
--------------------------------------------
1. Case Study on Demand Supply curves with graph
2. Match the following about Horn effect, leniency error, central tendency error etc
a. The halo effect — a tendency to allow one trait or characteristic of an employee to influence the assessment. The halo is to rate an employee consistently high or low.
b. The leniency or strictness tendency of the superior interferes with the appraisal and accordingly the assessment gets influenced. The superior is unable to come out of these tendencies.
c. The central tendency problem refers to assigning average ratings to all the employees without properly evaluating each aspect of appraisal carefully and fearlessly.
d. Similar error is the tendency of comparing the employee with oneself on various traits and parameters. Those who show the similar characteristics are normally rated high.
3. Simple Question on Y = a +bx
4. Halo effect means positive attitude rating
5. Inflation change calculation
6. Leniency error
7. Type of inflation
8. Bond problem
9. Ratio analysis
10. Linear program 5 marks
11. Probability 5 marks - Z values given
12. Sampling related 5 marks
13. Money Supply/ Demand curve related 5 marks
14. Narrow Money, Broad Money related case study
15. Credit Monitoring questions
16. Debtors turnover ration
17. STOCK TURNOVER RATIO
18. CURRENT RATIO
19. QUICK RATIO
20. FV formula
21. Calculating LC 5 mark case study
22. LEI - The Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) code is conceived as a key measure to improve the quality and accuracy of financial data systems for better risk management post the Global Financial Crisis. LEI is a 20-digit unique code to identify parties to financial transactions worldwide.
23. HRIS
24. Role erosion and role ambiguity
25. Net fiscal deficit
26. Green GDP
27. Real gross income
28. Standard estimate error
29. Regression/Coefficient
30. Interpretation of confidence interval
31. Simplex method
32. What is called broad money
33. In which phase price of commodity is lowest? Boom/Recession/Depression/Recovery
34. Question on cluster sampling
35. GDP deflator
36. Who said what definition of economics
37. Working capital
38. Business cycle
39. Linear programming, HR theories, sampling
40. What is 3Vs
41. Sample proportion calculate
42. Marshall definition
43. Credit delivery
44. Case study on money measurements
45. Motivation theories with their founders
46. Covariance was given and SD was given....we had to find correlation
47. Johari window 1qs
48. SMA1
49. Zero coupon bond
50. Mixed economy
51. Performance appraisal systems
52. NPV
53. Microeconomics
54. Compensation
55. National domestic product
56. Left brain
57. B Type personality
58. COGS = Opening Stock + Purchases during the period − Closing Stock
59. Around 10 questions on Standard Deviation
60. Bell curve
61. Interpretation of confidence interval
Match the following was atleast 5
Numerical are easy
Many case study or questions from HR module
--------------------------------------------
1. Case Study on Demand Supply curves with graph
2. Match the following about Horn effect, leniency error, central tendency error etc
a. The halo effect — a tendency to allow one trait or characteristic of an employee to influence the assessment. The halo is to rate an employee consistently high or low.
b. The leniency or strictness tendency of the superior interferes with the appraisal and accordingly the assessment gets influenced. The superior is unable to come out of these tendencies.
c. The central tendency problem refers to assigning average ratings to all the employees without properly evaluating each aspect of appraisal carefully and fearlessly.
d. Similar error is the tendency of comparing the employee with oneself on various traits and parameters. Those who show the similar characteristics are normally rated high.
3. Simple Question on Y = a +bx
4. Halo effect means positive attitude rating
5. Inflation change calculation
6. Leniency error
7. Type of inflation
8. Bond problem
9. Ratio analysis
10. Linear program 5 marks
11. Probability 5 marks - Z values given
12. Sampling related 5 marks
13. Money Supply/ Demand curve related 5 marks
14. Narrow Money, Broad Money related case study
15. Credit Monitoring questions
16. Debtors turnover ration
17. STOCK TURNOVER RATIO
18. CURRENT RATIO
19. QUICK RATIO
20. FV formula
21. Calculating LC 5 mark case study
22. LEI - The Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) code is conceived as a key measure to improve the quality and accuracy of financial data systems for better risk management post the Global Financial Crisis. LEI is a 20-digit unique code to identify parties to financial transactions worldwide.
23. HRIS
24. Role erosion and role ambiguity
25. Net fiscal deficit
26. Green GDP
27. Real gross income
28. Standard estimate error
29. Regression/Coefficient
30. Interpretation of confidence interval
31. Simplex method
32. What is called broad money
33. In which phase price of commodity is lowest? Boom/Recession/Depression/Recovery
34. Question on cluster sampling
35. GDP deflator
36. Who said what definition of economics
37. Working capital
38. Business cycle
39. Linear programming, HR theories, sampling
40. What is 3Vs
41. Sample proportion calculate
42. Marshall definition
43. Credit delivery
44. Case study on money measurements
45. Motivation theories with their founders
46. Covariance was given and SD was given....we had to find correlation
47. Johari window 1qs
48. SMA1
49. Zero coupon bond
50. Mixed economy
51. Performance appraisal systems
52. NPV
53. Microeconomics
54. Compensation
55. National domestic product
56. Left brain
57. B Type personality
58. COGS = Opening Stock + Purchases during the period − Closing Stock
59. Around 10 questions on Standard Deviation
60. Bell curve
61. Interpretation of confidence interval
Match the following was atleast 5
Numerical are easy
Many case study or questions from HR module
Risk management recollected questions
Caiib Risk management recollected
Chief risk officer duty,reporting,appointmemt
Leverage ratio numerical
Operational risk
Pcr
Firb credit risk
Rsca operstional risk
Pilar 3 disclosure norms period
Rwas calculation
Numerical from BVP was also there,
Ques Obejective from PD ,EAD ,LGD
Market credit and operational risk theory based,
Which method we use for calculation of capital for credit operational and market risk
Case beta factor for agency services,
Icaap come under which piller,
CRO function
Reputation risk systematic risk come under
Chief risk officer duty,reporting,appointmemt
Leverage ratio numerical
Operational risk
Pcr
Firb credit risk
Rsca operstional risk
Pilar 3 disclosure norms period
Rwas calculation
Numerical from BVP was also there,
Ques Obejective from PD ,EAD ,LGD
Market credit and operational risk theory based,
Which method we use for calculation of capital for credit operational and market risk
Case beta factor for agency services,
Icaap come under which piller,
CRO function
Reputation risk systematic risk come under
Recollected questions Jaiib legal on 24.11.2019
Recollected questions Jaiib legal on 24.11.2019
1. District forum headed by....
2. DRT is headed by.....
3. RBI pays interest on CRR.....
4. Limitation for suit case ..
5. Defferd payment guarantee ...
6. Banks can invest in other co shares up what percentage.
7. Mininmun number of directors in public and private co...
8. Back to back LC....
9. Indemnity comes in which act....
10. Case study for cheque payment
11. Choose correct answer among option where bank gets protection ...
12. Documents of title goods ...
13. After Lok adalat where one can file suit ... None
14. National commission: age for presiding ofdicer and his tenure .
15. Acts of negotiable instrument
16. Characterstics of FEMA
17. Pay as u earn realtes to which tax.
18. Equitable mortgage
19. LIC policy again loan called assingment.
20. Case study to determine which type of charge is created.
21. Relationship with bank and costmer in case of safe deposit locker.
22. No of parties involved in LC, Gurantee
23. Loan against FD of other deposit is given or not.
24. Loan against shares and debnuture, charge created called.....
25. FEMA is regulated by...
1. District forum headed by....
2. DRT is headed by.....
3. RBI pays interest on CRR.....
4. Limitation for suit case ..
5. Defferd payment guarantee ...
6. Banks can invest in other co shares up what percentage.
7. Mininmun number of directors in public and private co...
8. Back to back LC....
9. Indemnity comes in which act....
10. Case study for cheque payment
11. Choose correct answer among option where bank gets protection ...
12. Documents of title goods ...
13. After Lok adalat where one can file suit ... None
14. National commission: age for presiding ofdicer and his tenure .
15. Acts of negotiable instrument
16. Characterstics of FEMA
17. Pay as u earn realtes to which tax.
18. Equitable mortgage
19. LIC policy again loan called assingment.
20. Case study to determine which type of charge is created.
21. Relationship with bank and costmer in case of safe deposit locker.
22. No of parties involved in LC, Gurantee
23. Loan against FD of other deposit is given or not.
24. Loan against shares and debnuture, charge created called.....
25. FEMA is regulated by...
AFB jaiib November 2019 recollected
AFB - Recollected questions posted by our members
1.who can open a current account
2.concept of conservatism
3.straight line method book value problem
4.kyc low risk medium and high risk
5.Gold loan ltv ratio
6.npv problems
7.a indian bank branch in foreign country quotes fe in 1US$=1rupee.
Whether it is a direct quote or indirect quote.
8.collection period denominator
9.collection period problem
10.matching concept
11.calculate capital.assets and liabilities given
12.adjustment entry
13.purchases account
14.coupon rate
15.bank reconciliation statement is prepared by whom a.auditor b.bank etc..
16.revenue receipt
17.promissory note is prepared by whom
18.publication of balance sheet
19.which is not a accounting ratio
Solvency,profitability, activity,etc
20.stock turnover ratio
21.types of company on ownership
22.journal
23.double entry system
24.functions of back office
25.operational manual is available in which of the following
Social media,banks website,internal portal
26.banking is defined as per which act
BRA,Rbi act..
27.small accounts.aggregate credits in a year
28.example of a debit voucher
29.example of credit voucher
30.inoperative account
1.who can open a current account
2.concept of conservatism
3.straight line method book value problem
4.kyc low risk medium and high risk
5.Gold loan ltv ratio
6.npv problems
7.a indian bank branch in foreign country quotes fe in 1US$=1rupee.
Whether it is a direct quote or indirect quote.
8.collection period denominator
9.collection period problem
10.matching concept
11.calculate capital.assets and liabilities given
12.adjustment entry
13.purchases account
14.coupon rate
15.bank reconciliation statement is prepared by whom a.auditor b.bank etc..
16.revenue receipt
17.promissory note is prepared by whom
18.publication of balance sheet
19.which is not a accounting ratio
Solvency,profitability, activity,etc
20.stock turnover ratio
21.types of company on ownership
22.journal
23.double entry system
24.functions of back office
25.operational manual is available in which of the following
Social media,banks website,internal portal
26.banking is defined as per which act
BRA,Rbi act..
27.small accounts.aggregate credits in a year
28.example of a debit voucher
29.example of credit voucher
30.inoperative account
5 TIPS TO CRACK JAIIB-CAIIB IN 1st ATTEMPT.
5 TIPS TO CRACK JAIIB-CAIIB IN 1st ATTEMPT.
If you've just joined the Banking Industry, you must have applied for JAIIB/CAIIB or If not, you'll be applying room & 1 thing everyone wants to know is how to pass JAIIB/CAIIB is get an extra increment. So sooner you pass the Exam, earlier you get an extra increment. If you've as Officer JMGS-I (PO), your initial basic salary would be ₹.23700. If You Clear JAIIB/CAIIB, you get 2 increments & your basic salary increase by ₹.1940. So if you miss it 1st time, your Increment gets delayed by 6months. That means loss of ₹.11640+DA. So it becomes important to clear JAIIB/CAIIB Exam in 1st attempt itself.
Around JAIIB 1.50lacs & CAIIB 1lac candidates appear for the Exam. Only 22-25% candidates are able to clear the exam each time. So does it mean that JAIIB/CAIIB is difficult to crack? What should be the Strategy to clear the Exam in 1st Attempt? How 1 should prepare for Exam?
Passing marks for JAIIB are 50% aggregate & 45% in each Subject. If aggregate marks less than 50% or Marks in a particular paper less than 45%, but you score 50%/more in any other 2 sub. You don't qualify the exam but need not give that particular paper in 2nd,3rd,4th attempt, in which you score 50%/more. The best part of Exam is that result of each paper is shown to you immediately after submit your online Exam.
Simple 5 Steps to Prepare for the JAIIB/CAIIB Exam:
Take off the burden from your mind, you're required to score only 50% which's not very difficult & the Good thing is that there's No NEGATIVE (-) Marking.
Here is a simple step by step guide which will help the Bankers to be prepared for JAIIB/CAIIB.
If you come from Commerce/Finance background (BBA/MBA), It's relatively easy to break the JAIIB/CAIIB. Because you would have studied atleast 65% of topics covered. If you're not from Commerce/Finance backgroue you need to make little Extra Efforts.
1. GET THE RIGHT BOOKS: After reg. for JAIIB/CAIIB, 1st thing you should do is to get the Books for all 3 Subjects. Best books available for JAIIB/CAIIB are by McMillan, which IIBF also suggest. these Books are available on Amazon:
-JAIIB (PPB-AFB-LRAB)
-CAIIB (ABM-BFM-OPTIONAL SUB).
These Books might seem bulky but has covered the entire syllabus & has everything you need to know. The Book is designed in a way that 1can easily be prepared by just reading the definition & summary. the MCQs will give you a fair Idea of level of preparations.
If you don't have enough time & don't want to study IIBF Books, you can by the Books JAIIB/CAIIB by N.S.Toor, which are in QA format.
2. KNOW YOUR SYLLABUS: As a Banker it's likely that there will not be a lot of time left for studies after a hectic day of work. Hence it's best to start early. the Idea is to plan for the Syllabus & Time them so that the Level of Preparedness is High. Knowing your syllabus will give Idea, how much time need to prepare.
If you've been a Commerce student, you'll find the AFB & some part of LRAB, you've already covered during your studies earlier. So 60% of your Job is already done. You can mark these topics & focus on those topics which you've not studied earlier.
If You've been Arts/Science & Engg Student, everything is New for you & need to prepare for everything..
3. MAKE A STRATEGY FOR STUDYING: ( I've already posted about JAIIB-CAIIB Study Strategy & Study Plan a Month Ago, You must keep follow them out of action).
4. PRACTICE & ATTEMPT SOME MOCK TESTS: Another great step is to find out previous 3years Question Papers. Prepare them all leaving 1 which will work as a model test before you actually face the Exam. the Idea is to practice a lot of question type compared to cramming. You can attempt in JAIIB-CAIIB Forum, Blogs website 'Free Mock Tests for JAIIB-CAIIB', which will give you an Idea how the actual exam is held. attempting Mock Test help you practice the actual Exam conditions.
5. ON THE ACTUAL TEST DAY: Choose the easy questions 1st as they will give you an estimate of the Score. then come back to the Questions which were missed. Also, there's No NEGATIVE (-) Marking, so attempt all Questions. If you stuck in a question, leave that by Marking & Go ahead..
ALL THE VERY BEST.
WISH YOU GOOD LUCK...
If you've just joined the Banking Industry, you must have applied for JAIIB/CAIIB or If not, you'll be applying room & 1 thing everyone wants to know is how to pass JAIIB/CAIIB is get an extra increment. So sooner you pass the Exam, earlier you get an extra increment. If you've as Officer JMGS-I (PO), your initial basic salary would be ₹.23700. If You Clear JAIIB/CAIIB, you get 2 increments & your basic salary increase by ₹.1940. So if you miss it 1st time, your Increment gets delayed by 6months. That means loss of ₹.11640+DA. So it becomes important to clear JAIIB/CAIIB Exam in 1st attempt itself.
Around JAIIB 1.50lacs & CAIIB 1lac candidates appear for the Exam. Only 22-25% candidates are able to clear the exam each time. So does it mean that JAIIB/CAIIB is difficult to crack? What should be the Strategy to clear the Exam in 1st Attempt? How 1 should prepare for Exam?
Passing marks for JAIIB are 50% aggregate & 45% in each Subject. If aggregate marks less than 50% or Marks in a particular paper less than 45%, but you score 50%/more in any other 2 sub. You don't qualify the exam but need not give that particular paper in 2nd,3rd,4th attempt, in which you score 50%/more. The best part of Exam is that result of each paper is shown to you immediately after submit your online Exam.
Simple 5 Steps to Prepare for the JAIIB/CAIIB Exam:
Take off the burden from your mind, you're required to score only 50% which's not very difficult & the Good thing is that there's No NEGATIVE (-) Marking.
Here is a simple step by step guide which will help the Bankers to be prepared for JAIIB/CAIIB.
If you come from Commerce/Finance background (BBA/MBA), It's relatively easy to break the JAIIB/CAIIB. Because you would have studied atleast 65% of topics covered. If you're not from Commerce/Finance backgroue you need to make little Extra Efforts.
1. GET THE RIGHT BOOKS: After reg. for JAIIB/CAIIB, 1st thing you should do is to get the Books for all 3 Subjects. Best books available for JAIIB/CAIIB are by McMillan, which IIBF also suggest. these Books are available on Amazon:
-JAIIB (PPB-AFB-LRAB)
-CAIIB (ABM-BFM-OPTIONAL SUB).
These Books might seem bulky but has covered the entire syllabus & has everything you need to know. The Book is designed in a way that 1can easily be prepared by just reading the definition & summary. the MCQs will give you a fair Idea of level of preparations.
If you don't have enough time & don't want to study IIBF Books, you can by the Books JAIIB/CAIIB by N.S.Toor, which are in QA format.
2. KNOW YOUR SYLLABUS: As a Banker it's likely that there will not be a lot of time left for studies after a hectic day of work. Hence it's best to start early. the Idea is to plan for the Syllabus & Time them so that the Level of Preparedness is High. Knowing your syllabus will give Idea, how much time need to prepare.
If you've been a Commerce student, you'll find the AFB & some part of LRAB, you've already covered during your studies earlier. So 60% of your Job is already done. You can mark these topics & focus on those topics which you've not studied earlier.
If You've been Arts/Science & Engg Student, everything is New for you & need to prepare for everything..
3. MAKE A STRATEGY FOR STUDYING: ( I've already posted about JAIIB-CAIIB Study Strategy & Study Plan a Month Ago, You must keep follow them out of action).
4. PRACTICE & ATTEMPT SOME MOCK TESTS: Another great step is to find out previous 3years Question Papers. Prepare them all leaving 1 which will work as a model test before you actually face the Exam. the Idea is to practice a lot of question type compared to cramming. You can attempt in JAIIB-CAIIB Forum, Blogs website 'Free Mock Tests for JAIIB-CAIIB', which will give you an Idea how the actual exam is held. attempting Mock Test help you practice the actual Exam conditions.
5. ON THE ACTUAL TEST DAY: Choose the easy questions 1st as they will give you an estimate of the Score. then come back to the Questions which were missed. Also, there's No NEGATIVE (-) Marking, so attempt all Questions. If you stuck in a question, leave that by Marking & Go ahead..
ALL THE VERY BEST.
WISH YOU GOOD LUCK...
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