Monday, 7 December 2020

JAIIB-ACCOUNTING & FINANCE FOR BANKERS

 

JAIIB-ACCOUNTING  &  FINANCE  FOR BANKERS-MOD-C
MODEL   QUESTIONS

1) Which of the following may not be part of the reconciliation process.
a) Interest on overdraft
b) Dishonour of cheque
c) Cash drawn from bank
d) Cheque deposited but not collected

2) Which of the following is part of reconciliation.
a) Cash paid by customer to the trader
b) Cheque issued,  presented, and on the debit side in the passbook and cashbook.
c) Bank charges debited.
d) b) & c)

3) Reconciliation of overcasting on receipts side of cash book
a) Increases the  balance in the cash book.
b) Increases the balance in the passbook.
c) Decreases the balance in the cash book.
d) Decreases the balance in the passbook.

4) Which of the following is true
a)  Bank Reconciliation Statement(BRC) is an account.
b)  BRC is prepared by the bank.
c)  BRC shows causes of disagreement between cash book & passbook.
d)  BRC shows only excess of cash book over passbook.

5) If x is a credit balance in cash book carried forward on the debit side, then reconciliation is
a) Casting x on the debit side of cash book.
b) Casting 2x on the credit side of  cash book.
c) Casting 2x on debit side of cash book.
d) Casting x on credit side of cash book.

6) If a trader enjoys an overdraft facility,then
a) His passbook will show debit balance.
b) His  cash book will show credit balance .
c) Both a) & b).
d) Neither a) nor b).

7) Credit balance in a passbook indicates
a) excess of deposits over withdrawals.
b) excess of withdrawals over deposits.
c) debit balance in cash book.
d)  b) & c).
e)  a) & c).




8) At any point in time, cash book & passbook balances  will not be same.
a) True.
b) False.
c) Maybe.

9) A trader has a strict overdraft limit of 10,000/-, overdraft balance of 9,500/-; issues 2 cheques  of 500/- each, which are presented, then
a) His cash book will show higher overdraft balance than passbook.
b) His cash book will show lesser overdraft balance than  passbook.
c) His cash book will show same balance as passbook.
d) Neither a) nor b) nor c).

10)  Direct deposit by a customer in the bank with no overdraft facility
a) Shows a higher passbook balance than cash book.
b) Shows a lesser passbook balance than cash book.
c) Shows no difference.
d) None of the above.

11)   Credit sale of X to Suresh is posted to his credit , then rectification is
a) Credit Suresh to the extent of 2X.
b) Credit Suresh to the extent of X.
c) Debit Suresh to the extent of 2X.
d) Debit Suresh to the extent of X.  

12) Freight expenses for carrying Machinery is carried to Travel a/c, then
rectification in trial balance is
a) Debit machinery a/c and credit travel a/c.
b) Credit machinery a/c and debit travel a/c
c) Credit profit and loss account and debit travel a/c.
d) Debit profit and loss a/c( P&L a/c) and credit travel a/c.

13)  Goods worth X sold to Vijay was entered in purchase account;
       The rectification is
a) Credit purchases and credit sales to the extent of X each & debit Vijay.
b) Debit purchases and debit sales to the extent of X each & credit Vijay.
c) Debit sales to the extent of 2X.
d) Credit purchases to the extent of 2X.

14) Machinery worth (WDV) 1000/- sold for 1200/- is entered in sales register. The rectification is
a) Credit sales 1200/-, debit machinery 1000/- and debit P&L a/c 200/-.
b) Debit sales 1200/- , credit machinery 1000/- and credit P&L a/c 200/-.
c) Credit machinery 1200/-, debit sales 1000/- and debit P&L a/c 200/-.
d) Debit machinery 1200/-, credit sales 1000/- and credit P&L a/c 200/-.





       15)  Sales return of amount X from Vijay was wrongly entered in purchase book.
              The rectification is
a) Debit sales to the extent of 2X.
b) Credit purchases to the extent of 2X.
c) Credit Vijay 2X debit sales and purchases to the extent X each.
d) Debit sales return and credit purchases.

16) Which of the following will not affect Trial Balance
a) Goods sold on credit not recorded in books.
b) Overstating of sales register.
c) Rent account credited instead of debit.
d) Salary debited to the extent ½ the amount. 

17) Suspense a/c is not used in which of the following cases.
a) before trial balance.
b) after trial balance.
c) before final accounts.
d) none of the above.

18)Which of the following is true
a) Trial balance ensures arithmetical accuracy.
b) Trial balance errors are not located then the difference is sent to suspense a/c.
c) Trial balance is base for final accounts.
d) All of the above.

19) Statement showing debit and credit balances of ledger accounts is
a) Gross trial balance
b) Net trial balance
c) Trial balance
d) None of the above

20) Which of the following are true
a)  Nominal accounts always have credit balances.
b)  Real accounts always have debit balances.
c)  Debit balance in ledger account is credit balance in trial balance.
d)  P&L a/c appears in trial balance.

21) Freight expenses for moving machinery to factory is
a) Revenue expenses
b) Deferred revenue expenditure
c) Capital expenditure
d) None of the above

22) Which of the following is false
a) Replacement of defective part of machinery is revenue expenditure
b) Daily wages paid for erection /installing of machinery is capital expenditure
c) Underwriting  commission for issue of shares is revenue expenditure
d) Excess of sale price of Machinery over its W D Value but less than cost price is treated as revenue receipt

23) Which of the following is not a deferred revenue expenditure
a) Preliminary expenses for setting up a company.
b) Rights issue amount.
c) Huge sales promotion expenditure in launch of new product
d) Cost of preparing project report

24) Match the columns:
  a) Purchase of land for premises              1) Deferred Revenue Expenditure (c)
  b) Purchase of machinery for sale            2) Capital Expenditure (a)
  c) Legal expenses for issue of shares       3) Revenue Expenses (b)
  d) Excess of sale price of asset over
       W D Value                                          4) Capital Receipt (e)
   e) Excess of sale price of asset over
       cost price                                            5) Revenue Receipt (d )

25) For an expense to be classified as revenue or capital depends on
  a) Kind of expense
  b) Duration of the benefit of the expenditure
  c)  Effect on revenue earning capacity
  d) All of the above

26) Inflation of current profits could be on account of
  a) Inflation of closing stock in current year
  b) Deflation of closing stock in current year
  c) Inflation of closing stock in previous year
  d) None of the above

27) Cost of goods sold is
  a) Opening stock + purchases + closing stock
  b) Opening stock + purchases – closing stock
  c) Opening stock – purchases + closing stock
  d) None of above

28) In LIFO method of inventory valuation
  a) Issue of stocks to production is at latest price
  b) Closing stock is at latest price
  c) Both a) & b)
  d) Neither a) nor b)

29) In FIFO method of inventory valuation
  a) Closing stock is at latest price
  b) Issue of stocks to production is at earliest price
  c) Both a) & b)
  d) Neither a) nor b)






30)Which of the following is most desirable
  a) Pricing issue of goods to match current material costs
  b) Overstating profits
  c) Understating profits
  d) none of the above

31) In a market of falling prices which is the best option
  a) LIFO
  b) FIFO
  c) Weighted average cost method (WACM)
  d) a) or b)
  e) b) or c)

32) In a rising market which is the best option
  a) LIFO
  b) FIFO
  c) WACM
  d) a) or c)
  e) b) or c)

33) As per accounting standards which of the following is not a preferred method
        a) LIFO
        b) FIFO
        c) WACM
        d) All of them

34) Consider the following:
01/04 Opening stock of 1000 units at Rs. 10/- each
10/04 Purchases of 500 units at Rs. 9/- each
16/04 Purchases of 300 units at Rs. 11/- each
18/04 Goods of 300 units released to production
31/04 Books closed
 Answer the following:                     under LIFO    under FIFO  under WACM  
 Goods released to production              @ Rs 11/-    @ Rs. 10/-     @ Rs. 9.89/-
 Closing stock                                        @ Rs.10/-   @ Rs.  11/-     @ Rs. 9.89/

35)Cost of goods sold reflects the usual physical flow of goods. This
statement is true of
        a) LIFO
        B) FIFO
        c) WACM
        d) Adjusted selling price method








36) The ending inventory may be taken at prevailing prices years ago. This
statement is true of
         a) LIFO
         b) FIFO
         c) WACM
         d) Adjusted selling price method
         Read the following and answer :
         Drawer is  ‘A’
         Drawee is ‘B’
         Endorsee is ‘C’

            In the books of ‘A’

      37) Bills receivable    a/c            dr.
              to  B
        a) Bill accepted by ‘A’
        b) Bill accepted by ‘ B’
        c) Bill retired by ‘B’
        d) None of the above

      38)    ‘C’                 a/c           dr.
                to Noting Charges   
                to Bills Receivable
a) Bill dishonoured and received back from ‘C’.
b) Bill accepted by ‘B’ but dishonoured
c) ‘A’ cancels endorsement
d) None of the above
                         .
      39)  Bill sent for collection    a/c           dr.
                 To Bank
a) Bill is paid by ‘B’
b) Bill is dishonoured by ‘B’
c) Amount paid to bank by ‘A’ after dishonour
d) None of the above

              In the books of ‘B’
      40)  Bills payable       a/c            dr.
                to  bank  
a) Bill accepted by ‘B’
b) Bill retired by ‘B’
c) Bill dishonoured by ‘B’
d) Bill sent by ‘A’ for payment

      41)   Bank               a/c           dr.
                  To bills payable
a) Bill accepted by ‘B’
b) Bill dishonoured by ‘B’
c) Bill paid by ‘B’
d) None of the above

42) Which of the following is not true
a) there is no difference in appearance between trade  
and accommodation bill.
b) A bill of exchange must be accepted
c) Drawee is maker of a bill
d) Accommodation bill is for an imaginary transaction



43) Which of the following is true
a) An insolvent is a person from whom some portion of the debt is recoverable
b) Drawer drags the drawee to court in case of dishonour of accommodation
Bill.
c) A bill drawn for mutual help is an accommodation bill
d) Drawee is a person to whom bill is endorsed

44) Noting charges are
a) Paid to bank for dishonour
b) Paid to drawer for dishonour
c) Paid to notary public for recording dishonour
d) None of the above.

45) Which of the is true
a) Del Credere commission is calculated on credit sales
b) Value of goods sent on consignment is debited to consignee a/c.
c) The relationship between consignor and consignee is that of principal and agent.
d) The statement of sales sent by consignee is called account sale.

46) Goods lost in transit is
a) Nominal loss
b) Abnormal loss
c) Casual loss
d) Conditional loss

47) Due to tsunami a ship of consignment goods sinks. This loss is called
a) contingent loss
b) Nominal loss
c) Abnormal loss
d) Casual loss

48) Which of the following is true for leasing and hire purchase
a) Lessor and vendor can claim depreciation.
b) Lessor and hirer can claim depreciation.
c) Lessee and hirer can claim depreciation.
d) Lessee and vendor can claim depreciation.





49) In sum of digits method for 5 years which of the following is  the 1st year’s allocation ratio.
a) 1/15
b) 2/15
c) 3/15
d) 4/15
e) 5/15


50) Which of the following is true
a) Total lease rent = cost of asset -  total finance income + residual value
b) Total finance income = total lease rent – cost of asset + residual value
c) Total finance income = cost of asset – total lease rent + residual value
d) Cost of the asset = total lease rent + residual value + total finance income

51) The break up of lease rentals into total finance income ,lease equalization and depreciation represents the principle of
a) Equity
b) Consistency
c) Conservatism
d) Materialism

52) Which of the following is not true for a lessee in a lease transaction?
a) reduction in capital investment
b) reduction in tax liability
c) risk of obsolescence
d) rentals can be expensive

53) Lease terminal adjustment account is a balance sheet account
Its treatment is in the following. Identify the correct one.  
a) if it is debit balance it is deducted from the W D V of the asset.
b) If it is credit balance it is added to the W D V of the asset.
c) If it is credit balance it is deducted from the W D V of the asset.
d) None of the above.

54) If statutory depreciation > annual lease charge then
a) The difference is added to the P & L a/c.
b) The difference is subtracted from the P & L a/c.
c) The difference is taken to the bank account
d) None of the above.



55)  Residual value is
a) Possible resale value after the asset is written off in the books.
b) Real value arrived at after calculation.
c) Negligible balance after the asset is written off over the useful life of the asset.
d) a) or c)

56) In operating lease the period is
a) Less than the useful life of the asset.
b) Greater than the useful life of the asset.
c) Equal to the useful life of the asset.

57) In comparing lease & hire purchase (H P) there are differences & similarities.
       Of the following which one is not true?
a) In lease the user of the asset does not retain it, while in H P he does.
b) In lease the user does not claim depreciation while he does in H P.
c) Payment of rentals is on instalment basis in both.
d) The users of assets in both lease & H P run the risk of obsolescence.

58) Receipts and payments statement shows
a) Only revenue receipts and payments during a year.
b) Only capital receipts & payments during a year.
c) Both capital and revenue receipts during a year.
d) ‘Cash Only’ transactions.  

59) Income for the year = I, Outstanding Income for  previous year = Id,
       Outstanding Income of current year = Idi, then Receipts for the year is
a) I – Idi + Id
b) I + Idi – Id
c) I + Idi + Id
d) None of the above.

60) Opening balance of asset = Oi, Closing balance of asset = Oc, Depn. = D,
       Then addition to the asset during the year is
a) Oc – D – Oi
b) Oi + D – Oc
c) Oc + D – Oi
d) Oi – D – Oc

      61)  Tick in the appropriate column for a Non-Trading Organization
          Item                                    Revenue Receipt     Capital Receipt
         a)  Donations for sports meet            √
         b)  Donations by Legacy/Will                                            √
         c)  Grant for playground                                                     √
         d)  Life membership fees                                                    √
         e)  Profit on sale of fixed assets         √


62)  For a Non- Trading Organization, a P & L statement is
       called an Income & Expenditure statement because.
They often make losses.
They are forbidden by statute to make profits
By object of their association they are non profit making bodies.
Their income & expenditure statement are a combination of capital & revenue
       receipts.

63) The useful or service life of a tangible asset  is limited by physical process of wearing out. This is called.
obsolescence
deterioration
depreciation
depletion

64) All costs be they revenue or capital will have matching revenues
        over a period of time. This accounting process is called
amortization
depreciation
depletion
all of these

65) Which of the following is not true
Depreciation is an expense charged to the P & L  a/c.
Depreciation is not a part of the operating costs.
Assets that are depreciated are tangible assets.
Depreciation is like an insurance expense.

66) Under written down value method of Depn., the W D V of the asset is always
a) equal to zero
b) < zero
c) > zero

67)Depreciation shrinks the
scrap value of the asset
market value of the asset
residual value of the asset  
book value of the asset

68) Depreciation is an estimate because
a) rates of depreciation are not fixed
b) residual value of the asset is not known
c) useful life of the asset is difficult to ascertain
d) a) & b)
e) b) & c)




69) In sinking fund method of depreciation accounting
a) A fund is created at the beginning to which
depreciation is charged annually.
b) Since acquiring an asset results in sunk costs
depreciation of the asset is called so.
c) Depreciation charged annually is transferred to a fund
which is invested in growth and income generating
securities to take care of the replacement of the asset.
d) None of the above.

70) What is G A A P
a) General American Accounting Practices.
b) Greatly Accepted Accounting Practices.
c) Generally Accepted Accounting Principles.
d) Good American Accounting Practices.   
   



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Very important for caiib JAIIB high power value

 


Very important for caiib JAIIB high power value ::
How to calculate high power of given value.

This question was asked many times before and experts gave solution for this. But some members still didn't get it.
Here I am trying to present the same menthod symbolically.

Lets take the example:
We have to calculate 1.01^120

Step 1:
Make factors of power (here it is 120)
12*10
15*8
20*6

Factors may be any pair or in three digit as per your convenience.

Suppose we choose 12*10

Step 2:
Enter value (here it is 1.01)

Step 3:
Press sign of multiplication ( * )

Step 4:
Press equal sign ( = ) eleven times ( 11 times)

Step 5:
Press sign of multiplication ( * ) again

Step 6:
Press equal sign ( = ) nine  times ( 9 times) and U will get answer.

ACCOUNTING FROM INCOMPLETE RECORDS (SINGLE ENTRY SYSTEM)

 


ACCOUNTING FROM INCOMPLETE RECORDS (SINGLE ENTRY SYSTEM)

‘Single Entry System’ may be defined as any system which is not exactly the double entry system. In other words, Single entry system may consist of:
(i)  Double entry in respect of certain transactions such as cash received from debtors, cash paid to creditors, etc.
(ii)  Single entry in respect of certain transactions such as cash purchases, cash sales, expenses made, fixed assets purchased, etc.
(iii)  No entry in respect of certain such as depreciation, bad debts,etc.
Thus, a business is said to be using single entry system if it is not following completely the principles of double entry system of bookkeeping. Kohler defines the single entry system as, ‘A system of book- keeping in which, as a rule, only records of cash and of personal accounts are maintained, it is always incomplete double entry, varying with the circumstances.’

SALIENT FEATURES

The salient features of the single entry system are as follows:

(i) Maintenance of personal accounts
Usually under this system personal accounts are maintained while real and nominal accounts are avoided. On account of this reason some accountants define it as a system where only personal accounts are maintained.

(ii) Maintenance of cash book
A cash book is maintained, which usually mixes up both the personal transactions and the business transactions.

(iii) Dependence on original vouchers
In order to collect the necessary information one has to depend on original vouchers. For example, the figure of credit purchases may not be readily available; it may have to be found out on the basis of the original invoices received from the suppliers. Similarly, the total figure of sales at the end of a particular period may have to be found out on the basis of the invoices which have been issued by the business from time to time.

(iv) No uniformity
The system may differ from firm to firm as per their individual requirements and conveniences.

(v) Suitability
The system is suitable in case of small proprietary or partnership concerns. Limited companies cannot adopt this system on account of legal requirements.

LIMITATIONS

The system suffers from the following limitations:

(i) Arithmetical accuracy cannot be checked
In case of double entry system of bookkeeping, Trial balance is prepared to check the arithmetical accuracy of the books of accounts. This is possible because every transaction is recorded at two places. In case of the single entry system, this is not done. Hence, trial balance cannot be prepared and the arithmetical accuracy of the books of accounts cannot be checked. This increases the possibility of more frauds and misappropriations, as compared to the double entry system of bookkeeping.

(ii) True profits cannot be known
In the absence of complete information for sales, purchases and other expenses, it is not possible to draw the profit and loss account. Hence, the true profit or loss, made or suffered by   the business, cannot be known.

(iii) Financial position of the business cannot be judged
In the absence of a true figure of profit and correct information about the assets and liabilities of the business, the balance sheet cannot be drawn up to give a correct picture of the financial position of the business on a particular date.

(iv)  Makes planning and decision-making difficult
The system does not provide accurate figures about the performance of the business and its financial position. For example, separate figures of gross profit, net profit and sales are not available. Thus, the ratio of gross profit to sales or net profit to sales cannot be found out. Similarly in the absence of any information about the cost of goods sold, the proportion of different elements of cost of sales cannot be found out. In the absence of such information, it becomes difficult for the proprietor of the business to know the reasons of his improving or deteriorating profitability and financial position. Thus, he is not in a position to compare, plan and take sound decision for the prosperity of the business. Moreover, it may be difficult for him to find the real value of his business in the event of his deciding to sell the business.

COMPUTATION OF PROFITS UNDER SINGLE ENTRY SYSTEM

The profit or loss in case of business maintaining accounts according to single entry system can be computed by two methods:
(i)  Net Worth method, and
(ii)  Conversion method.

Net Worth Method
According to this method, the profit or loss made by the business is computed by comparing the net worth (or capital) of the business on two different dates.

Following adjustments are required for determination of the profit in case of this method:

(i)  Adjustment for drawings: The proprietor may withdraw money from the business for his personal use. In the absence of any such withdrawal, the capital at the end of accounting period would have been more by the amount of money withdrawn by him. Thus, the amount of drawings should be added back to the capital at the end of the accounting period to find out his true profit for that period.
Adjustment for capital introduced: The proprietor may introduce further capital in the business during the course of the accounting year. This will increase the capital of the proprietor at the end of the accounting year. It is, therefore, necessary to reduce the amount of capital, by the amount of capital introduced by the proprietor during the year, in order to ascertain the profit earned by him during the course of the accounting year.


Conversion Method
The Net Worth method, explained above, does not provide a clear picture of the operational results of a business. It does not give information about sales, purchases, gross profit, operating expenses, etc. of the business. As a result, neither a meaningful analysis of the financial statements can be done nor can effective steps be taken to improve the financial position of the business. It will, therefore, be better to collect all such information from the books of accounts, and other sources, which is necessary for preparing a ‘Trial Balance’ of the business. This is done by preparing a total debtors account, a total creditor’s account, a bills receivable account and a bills payable account and receipts and payments accounts etc. on the basis of double entry. Accounts relating to different expenses, incomes, fixed assets and fixed liabilities, and outstanding, are also prepared with the help of receipts and payments accounts and additional information available. Thus, the closing balances of different accounts are found out and a trial balance prepared. Final accounts can then be prepared in the usual way. Such a method of collecting information as per the requirements of the double entry system of bookkeeping is termed as the ‘Conversion Method’.
In practice, usually, an abridged conversion method is followed. Under this method, nominal   accounts are not opened in the ledger, nor is a trial balance prepared. Only such information is collected which is required for preparing the trading and profit and loss account, and balance sheet of the business.


PREPARATION OF STATEMENT OF AFFAIRS UNDER SINGLE ENTRY SYSTEM
Statement of affairs is a statement giving the assets and liabilities of the business on a particular date. It is virtually the Balance Sheet of the business. However, the term Balance Sheet is used for the statement of assets and liabilities in the double entry system of bookkeeping where balances are taken from the ledger. In case of single entry system, all the assets and liabilities, which appear in the statement of affairs, are not necessarily taken from the ledger accounts, on account of incomplete recording of the transactions. Moreover, the term Balance Sheet is used for statement which shows the correct financial position of the business. In case of the single entry system, it may not be possible to prepare a statement which shows the correct financial position of the business, since the information from different sources, which may include not only the books of accounts, but other sources, which may not be hundred per cent reliable. For example, estimate about drawings may have to be made on the basis of the estimated living expenses of the proprietor of the business and also other estimated payments which might have been paid on his behalf.

Steps for preparing Statement of Affairs
The following steps may be taken for preparing the statement of affairs:

 (i)  In most cases in single entry system, a cash book is maintained. In case, this has been done, the cash and the bank balances can be taken from the cash book. In the absence of a proper cash book, cash balance may have to be found out by preparing a receipts and payments account on the basis of information, collected from the proprietor of the business, and the statement of accounts, which might have been received or sent by the proprietor from/to his debtors and creditors. Information regarding other business expenses can be collected from the salaries register of his employees, petty cash book, if any, maintained by him, etc. and the actual cash balance available with the business. The balance at the bank can be verified from the bank pass book or statement of account from the bank.

(ii)  A list of sundry debtors and creditors should be prepared. This may not be difficult because in most cases, a record of personal accounts is maintained under the single entry system.

(iii)  The value of the fixed assets like building, plant, furniture, etc. should be ascertained from vouchers or other documents available with the business. A reasonable charge for depreciation should also be made and the assets should be shown in the statement of affairs after charging depreciation.

(iv)  A physical verification of the stock should be taken and the value of the stock should be ascertained on the basis of the different invoices received from suppliers from time to time, in respect of the goods purchased.

(v)  The amount of outstanding expenses and the accrued income should also be determined. Last year’s figures about these items may be of considerable help in this respect.
(vi) The excess of assets over liabilities should be found out and this will denote the net worth or the capital of  the business on the date on which the Statement of Affairs has been prepared.

AFB numericals

 Assets

Net Fixed Assets - 800
Inventories - 300
Preliminary Expenses - 100
Receivables - 150
Investment In Govt. Secu - 50
Total Assets - 1400
Liabilities
Equity Capital - 200
Preference Capital - 100
Term Loan - 600
Bank C/C - 400
Sundry Creditors - 100
Total Liabilities – 1400
1. Debt Equity Ratio = ?
a. 1:1
b. 1:2
c. 2:1
d. 2:3
Ans - c
Explanation :
600 / (200+100) = 2 : 1
2. Tangible Net Worth = ?
a. 100
b. 200
c. 300
d. 400
Ans - b
Explanation :
Only equity Capital i.e. = 200
3. Total Liabilities to Tangible Net Worth Ratio = ?
a. 7:2
b. 11:2
c. 13:2
d. 15:2
Ans - b
Explanation :
Total Outside Liabilities / Total Tangible Net Worth : (600+400+100) / 200 = 11 : 2
4. Current Ratio = ?
a. 1:1
b. 1:2
c. 2:1
d. 3:1
Ans - a

Explanation :
(300 + 150 + 50 ) / (400 + 100 ) = 1 : 1

Q.2

Assets

Net Fixed Assets - 265

Cash - 1

Receivables - 125

Stocks - 128

Prepaid Expenses - 1

Intangible Assets - 30

Total - 550

Liabilities

Capital + Reserves - 355

P & L Credit Balance - 7

Loan From S F C - 100

Bank Overdraft - 38

Creditors - 26

Provision of Tax - 9

Proposed Dividend - 15

Total - 550

1. Current Ratio = ?

= (1+125 +128+1) / (38+26+9+15)

= 255/88

= 2.89 : 1

2. Quick Ratio = ?

(125+1)/88

= 1.43 : 11

3. Debt Equity Ratio = ?

= LTL / Tangible NW

= 100 / (362 – 30)

= 100 / 332

= 0.30 : 1

4. Proprietary Ratio = ?

= (T NW / Tangible Assets) x 100

= [(362 - 30 ) / (550 – 30)] x 100

= (332 / 520) x 100

= 64%

5. Net Working Capital = ?

= CA - CL

= 255 - 88

= 167

6. If Net Sales is Rs.15 Lac, then What would be the Stock Turnover Ratio in Times ?

= Net Sales / Average Inventories/Stock

= 1500 / 128

= 12 times approximately

7. What is the Debtors Velocity Ratio if the sales are Rs. 15 Lac?



= (Average Debtors / Net Sales) x 12

= (125 / 1500) x 12

= 1 month

8. What is the Creditors Velocity Ratio if Purchases are Rs.10.5 Lac?

= (Average Creditors / Purchases ) x 12

= (26 / 1050) x 12

= 0.3 months

.............................................



Q.3 Current Ratio of a firm is 1 : 1. What will be the Net Working Capital ?

a. 0

b. 1

c. 100

d. 200

Ans - a

Explanation :

It suggest that the Current Assets is equal to Current Liabilities hence the NWC would be

0

(since NWC = C.A - C.L)

.............................................

Q.4 Suppose Current Ratio is 4 : 1. NWC is Rs.30,000/-. What is the amount of Current

Assets ?

a. 10000

b. 30000

c. 40000

d. 50000

Ans - c

Explanation :

Let Current Liabilities = a

4a - 1a = 30,000

a = 10,000 i.e. Current Liabilities is Rs.10,000

Hence Current Assets would be

4a = 4 x 10,000 = Rs.40,000/-

.............................................

Q.5 The amount of Term Loan installment is Rs.10000/ per month, monthly average interest

on TL is Rs.5000/-. If the amount of Depreciation is Rs.30,000/- p.a. and PAT is

Rs.2,70,000/-. What would be the DSCR ?

a. 1

b. 1.5

c. 2

d. 2.5

Ans - C

Explanation :

DSCR = (PAT + Depr + Annual Intt.) / Annual Intt + Annual Installment

= (270000 + 30000 + 60000 ) / 60000 + 12000

= 360000 / 180000

= 2

.............................................

Q. 6     A Company has Net Worth of Rs.5 Lac, Term Liabilities of Rs.10 Lac. Fixed Assets worth

RS.16 Lac and Current Assets are Rs.25 Lac. There is no intangible Assets or other Non

Current Assets. Calculate its Net Working Capital.

a. 1 lac

b. 2 lac

c. - 1 lac





d. - 2 lac

Ans - c

Explanation :

Total Assets = 16 + 25 = Rs. 41 Lac

Total Liabilities = NW + LTL + CL = 5 + 10 + CL = 41 Lac

Current Liabilities = 41 – 15 = 26 Lac

Therefore Net Working Capital = CA – CL = 25 – 26 = (-) 1 Lac

.............................................

Q. 7  Merchandise costs - Rs. 250000, Gross Profit - Rs. 23000, Net Profit - Rs. 15000. Find

the amount of sales.

a. 227000

b. 235000

c. 265000

d. 273000

Ans - d

Explanation :

Amount of sales = Merchandise costs + Gross Profit

= 250000 + 23000

= 273000

.............................................

Q.8 Total Liabilities of a firm is Rs.100 Lac and Current Ratio is 1.5 : 1. If Fixed Assets and

Other Non Current Assets are to the tune of Rs. 70 Lac and Debt Equity Ratio being 3 :

1. What would be the Long Term Liabilities?

a. 40 Lacs

b. 60 Lacs

c. 80 Lacs

d. 100 Lacs

Ans - b

Explanation :

Total Assets = Total Liabilities = 100 Lac

Current Asset = Total Assets - Non Current Assets

= Rs. 100 L - Rs. 70 L

= Rs. 30 L

If the Current Ratio is 1.5 : 1

then Current Liabilities works out to be Rs. 20 Lac.

That means, Net Worth + Long Term Liabilities = Rs. 80 Lacs.

If the Debt Equity Ratio is 3 : 1,

then Debt works out to be Rs. 60 Lacs and equity Rs. 20 Lacs.

Therefore the Long Term Liabilities would be Rs.60 Lac.

.............................................

Q.9 Current Ratio = 1.2 : 1.

Total of balance sheet being Rs.22 Lac.

The amount of Fixed Assets + Non Current Assets is Rs. 10 Lac.

What would be the Current Liabilities?

a. 10 Lacs

b. b. 12 Lacs

c. 16 Lacs

d. 22 Lacs

Ans - a

Explanation :

Total Assets is Rs.22 Lac.

Fixed Assets + Non Current Assets is Rs. 10 Lac

Then Current Assets = 22 – 10 = Rs. 12 Lac.

Current Ratio = 1.2 : 1

Current Liabilities = Rs. 10 Lac

.............................................


Q.10 M/s Raj&co's balance sheet included the following accounts:

Cash: 10,000

Accounts Receivable: 5,000

Inventory: 5,000

Stock Investments: 1,000

Prepaid taxes: 500

Current Liabilities: 15,000

Find the Quick Ratio

Quick Ratio = Cash + Cash Equivalents + Short Term Investments + Marketable

Securities + Accounts Receivable) / Current Liabilities

= (10000+5000+1000) / 15000

= 16000 / 15000

= 1.07

.................................

Q.11 M/s Raj&co's balance sheet included the following accounts:

Inventory : 5,000

Prepaid taxes : 500

Total Current Assets : 21,500

Current Liabilities : 15,000

Find the Quick Ratio

Quick Ratio = (Current assets – Inventory - Advances - Prepayments Current Liabilities) /

Current Liabilities

= (21500 - 5000 - 500) / 15000

= 16000 / 15000

= 1.07

.................................



Q.12 XYZ Pvt Ltd has the following assets and liabilities as on 31st March 2015 (in Lakhs) :

Non Current Assets

Goodwill 75

Fixed Assets 75

Current Assets

Cash in hand 25

Cash in bank 50

Short term investments 45

Inventory 25

Receivable 100

Current Liabilities

Trade payables 100

Income tax payables 60

Non Current Liabilities

Bank Loan 50

Deferred tax payable 25

Find the Quick Ratio

Quick Ratio = (Cash in hand + Cash at Bank + Receivables + Marketable Securities) /



Current Liabilities

= (25+50+45+100) / 160

= 220 / 160

= 1.375

.................................





Q.14 GHI Ltd. manufacturers two products :Product G and Product H. The Variable cost of the manufacture is as

follows:

Product G Product H

Direct Material 3 10

Direct Labour (Rs.6 per hour) 18 12

Variable Overhead 4 4

JAIIB-AFB-CASE STUDIES/NUMERICAL QUESTIONS

 JAIIB – AFB (ACCOUNTING & FINANCE FOR BANKERS)


You are given a balance sheet of a business firm with following particulars. Work out the
ratios given at the end......
Liabilities 1st yr 2nd yr
Capital 40 40
Reserves 15 20
Debentures 70 60
Other Current Liabilities 18 24
Bank Working Capital Limits 37 36
Total Liabilities 180 180
Assets 1st yr 2nd yr
Fixed Assets 32 33
Advance for fixed assets 5 -
Security Deposits 4 6
Stocks 66 81
Book Debts 49 30
Sundry Debtors 16 24
Preliminary Expenses 8 6
Total Assets 180 180
Sales 312 390
Profits 8 9
Depreciation 3 3
1. The short term sources of funds and short term uses of funds during the first year
was......
a. 55 and 131
b. 37 and 131
c. 55 and 105
d. 37 and 105
Ans - a
.............................................
2. The long term sources of funds and long term use of funds during the 2nd year
was......
a. 120 and 45
b. 100 and 45
c. 120 and 39
d. 112 and 39
Ans - d
.............................................
3. The short term sources of funds during the 2nd year, compared to the 1st year
have......
a. shown increase
b. shown decline
c. shown no change
d. none of the above
Ans - a
.............................................
4. The long term of use of funds during the 2nd year, compared to the 1st year has ......
a. shown increase
b. shown decline
c. shown no change
d. none of the above
Ans - b
.............................................
5. Current Ratio and Quick Ratio for the 2nd year are respectively......
a. 2.20:1 and 0.8:1
b. 2.42:1 and 0.9:1
c. 2.25:1 and 0.9:1
d. 2.22:1 and 0.8:1
Ans - c
.............................................
6. What is the Debt-equity ratio for the 1st and 2nd year?
a. 1.11:1 and 1.49:1
b. 1.49:1 and 1.11:1
c. 1.32:1 and 1.11:1
d. 1.98:1 and 1.73:1
Ans - d
.............................................
7. Cash accrual for 1st and 2nd year respectively is......
a. 8 and 9
b. 9 and 8
c. 11 and 12
d. 12 and 11
Ans - c
.............................................
8. Net Working Capital of 2nd year, over the 1st year has shown......
a. no change
b. deterioration
c. increase
d. decline and improvement
Ans - b
.............................................
9. Net profit to sales ratio for the 1st year has been......
a. 2.3%
b. 2.5%
c. 2.9%
d. 3.4%
Ans - b
.............................................
JAIIB-AFB-CASE STUDIES/NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
Cost of asset = 1,00,000
Estimated residual value = 10,000
Estimated useful life of asset = 5 years
Find the book value at the end of 2nd year using double declining balance method.
a. 24000
b. 36000
c. 40000
d. 64000
Ans - b
Explanation
Depreciation rate = (1/useful life) x 200%
= 1/5 x 200% = 20% x 2 = 40%
(*) depreciation stops when book value = residual value
[Year 1]
Depreciation amount for year 1
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
= 1,00,000 x 40% = 40,000
Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 1 = 40,000
Book value at the end of year 1
= 1,00,000 - 40,000 = 60,000
[Year 2]
Depreciation amount for year 2
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
= 60,000 x 40% = 24,000
Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 2
= 40,000 + 24,000 = 64,000
Book value at the end of year 2
= 1,00,000 - 64,000 = 36,000
[Year 3]
Depreciation amount for year 3
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
= 36,000 x 40% = 14,400
Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 3
= 40,000 + 24,000 + 14,400 = 78,400
Book value at the end of year 3
= 1,00,000 - 78,400 = 21,600
[Year 4]
Depreciation amount for year 4
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
= 21,600 x 40% = 8,640
Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 4
= 40,000 + 24,000 + 14,000 + 8,640 = 87,040
Book value at the end of year 4
= 1,00,000 - 87,040 = 12,960
[Year 5]
Depreciation amount for year 5
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
= 12,960 x 40% = 5,184
[NOTE]
For year 5, depreciation amount will not be 5,184.
If 5,184 is depreciated,
--> book value = 12,960 - 5,184 = 7,776
--> book value < residual value
Depreciation stops when book value = residual value
--> depreciation amount for year 5 = 2,960
--> book value = 12,960 - 2,960 = $10,000
.............................................
JAIIB-AFB-CASE STUDIES/NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
Cost of asset = 8,00,000
Estimated residual value = 10% of the cost
Estimated useful life of asset = 5 years
Find the book value at the end of 1st year using double declining balance method.
a. 240000
b. 320000
c. 480000
d. 660000
Ans - c
Explanation
Depreciation rate = (1/useful life) x 200%
= 1/5 x 200% = 20% x 2 = 40%
[Year 1]
Depreciation amount for year 1
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
8,00,000 x 40% = 3,20,000
Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 1 = 3,20,000
Book value at the end of year 1
8,00,000 - 3,20,000 = 4,80,000
.............................................
Cost of asset = 8,00,000
Estimated residual value = 10% of the cost
Estimated useful life of asset = 5 years
Find the accumulated depreciation for the 2nd year using double declining balance
method.
a. 312000
b. 424000
c. 512000
d. 604000
Ans - c
Explanation
Depreciation rate = (1/useful life) x 200%
= 1/5 x 200% = 20% x 2 = 40%
[Year 1]
Depreciation amount for year 1
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
8,00,000 x 40% = 3,20,000
Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 1 = 3,20,000
Book value at the end of year 1
8,00,000 - 3,20,000 = 4,80,000
[Year 2]
Depreciation amount for year 2
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
4,80,000 x 40% = 1,92,000
Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 2
3,20,000 + 1,92,000 = 5,12,000
.............................................
Cost of asset = 8,00,000
Estimated residual value = 10% of the cost
Estimated useful life of asset = 5 years
Find the book value at the end of 1st year using double declining balance method.
a. 240000
b. 320000
c. 480000
d. 660000
Ans - c
Explanation
Depreciation rate = (1/useful life) x 200%
= 1/5 x 200% = 20% x 2 = 40%
[Year 1]
Depreciation amount for year 1
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
8,00,000 x 40% = 3,20,000
Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 1 = 3,20,000
Book value at the end of year 1
8,00,000 - 3,20,000 = 4,80,000
[Year 2]
Depreciation amount for year 2
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
4,80,000 x 40% = 1,92,000
Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 2
3,20,000 + 1,92,000 = 5,12,000
Book value at the end of year 2
8,00,000 - 5,12,000 = 2,88,000
2,88,000 x 40% = 1,15,200
5,12,000 + 1,15,200 = 6,27,200
8,00,000 - 6,27,000 = 1,72,800
1,72,800 x 40% = 69,120
6,27,200 + 69,120 = 6,96,320
8,00,000 - 6,96,320 = 1,03,680
1,03,680 - 80,000 = 23,680
6,96,320 + 23,680 = 7,20,000
8,00,000 - 7,20,000 = 80,000
.............................................
JAIIB-AFB-CASE STUDIES/NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
Sahil took a loan for 6 years at the rate of 5% per annum on Simple Interest, If the total
interest paid was Rs. 1230, the principal was
A. 4100
B. 4200
C. 4300
D. 4400
Ans - A
Explanation:
S.I.=P*R*T/100
=>P=S.I.*100/R/T
By applying above formula we can easily solve this question, as we are already having
the simple interest.
P = 1230*100/6/5
= 4100
.............................................
There was simple interest of Rs. 4016.25 on a principal amount at the rate of 9%p.a. in
5 years. Find the principal amount
A. Rs 7925
B. Rs 8925
C. Rs 7926
D. Rs 7925
Ans - B
Explanation:
S.I.=P*R*T/100
=>P=S.I.*100/R/T
P = 4016.25*100/9/5
= 8925
.............................................
Effective annual rate of interest corresponding to nominal rate of 6% per annum
compounded half yearly will be
A. 6.09%
B. 6.10%
C. 6.12%
D. 6.14%
Ans - A
Explanation:
Let the amount Rs 100 for 1 year when compounded half yearly, n = 2, Rate = 6/2 =
3%
Amount=100(1+3/100)^2=106.09
Effective rate = (106.09 - 100)% = 6.09%
.............................................
A sum of money invested at compound interest to Rs. 800 in 3 years and to Rs 840 in 4
years. The rate on interest per annum is.
A. 4%
B. 5%
C. 6%
D. 7%
Ans - B
Explanation:
S.I. on Rs 800 for 1 year = 40
Rate = (100*40)/(800*1) = 5%
.............................................
Find the rate at Simple interest, at which a sum becomes four times of itself in 15 years.
A. 10%
B. 20%
C. 30%
D. 40%
Ans - B
Explanation:
Let sum be x and rate be r%
then, (x*r*15)/100 = 3x [important to note here is that simple interest will be 3x not 4x,
beause 3x+x = 4x]
=> r = 20%
.............................................
At 5% per annum simple interest, Rahul borrowed Rs. 500. What amount will he pay to
clear the debt after 4 years ?
A. 750
B. 700
C. 650
D. 600
Ans - D
Explanation:
We need to calculate the total amount to be paid by him after 4 years, So it will be
Principal + simple interest. So,
=>500+500*5*4/100
=>Rs.600
.............................................
A sum of money amounts to Rs 9800 after 5 years and Rs 12005 after 8 years at the
same rate of simple interest. The rate of interest per annum is ......
a. 9%
b. 10%
c. 11%
d. 12%
Ans - d
Explanation:
We can get SI of 3 years = 12005 - 9800 = 2205
SI for 5 years = (2205/3)*5 = 3675 [so that we can get principal amount after deducting
SI]
Principal = 12005 - 3675 = 6125
So Rate = (100*3675)/(6125*5) = 12%
.............................................
JAIIB-AFB-CASE STUDIES/NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
A man saves Rs 200 at the end of each year and lends the money at 5% compound
interest. How much will it become at the end of 3 years?
a. Rs 660
b. Rs 662
c. Rs 664
d. Rs 666
Ans- b
Explanation:
= [200(2120×2120×2120)+200(2120×2120)+200(2120)]
= 662

Regular Study - Accounting & Finance for Bankers

 


Regular Study - Basic Accounting Terms
The understanding of the subject becomes easy when one has the knowledge of a few
important terms of accounting. Let us go through some of them.
Transactions
Transactions are those activities of a business, which involve transfer of money or goods or
services between two persons or two accounts. For example, purchase of goods, sale of
goods, borrowing from bank, lending of money, salaries paid, rent paid, commission
received and dividend received. Transactions are of two types, namely, cash and credit
transactions.
Cash Transaction is one where cash receipt or payment is involved in the transaction. For
example, When You buys goods from a seller paying the price of goods by cash
immediately, it is a cash transaction.
Credit Transaction is one where cash is not involved immediately but will be paid or
received later. In the above example, if You, do not pay cash immediately but promises to
pay later, it is credit transaction.
Proprietor
A person who owns a business is called its proprietor. He contributes capital to the business
with the intention of earning profit.
Capital
It is the amount invested by the proprietor/s in the business. This amount is increased by the
amount of profits earned and the amount of additional capital introduced. It is decreased by
the amount of losses incurred and the amounts withdrawn. For example, if Mr. Ram starts
business with Rs.10,00,000, his capital would be Rs.10,00,000.
Assets
Assets are the properties of every description belonging to the business. Cash in hand, plant
and machinery, furniture and fittings, bank balance, debtors, bills receivable, stock of
goods, investments, Goodwill are examples for assets. Assets can be classified into tangible
and intangible.
Tangible Assets: These assets are those having physical existence. It can be seen and
touched. For example, plant & machinery, cash, etc.
Intangible Assets: Intangible assets are those assets having no physical existence but their
possession gives rise to some rights and benefits to the owner. It cannot be seen and
touched. Goodwill, patents, trademarks are some of the examples.
Liabilities
Liabilities refer to the financial obligations of a business. These denote the amounts which a
business owes to others, e.g., loans from banks or other persons, creditors for goods
supplied, bills payable, outstanding expenses, bank overdraft etc.
Drawings
It is the amount of cash or value of goods withdrawn from the business by the proprietor for
his personal use. It is deducted from the capital.
Debtors
A person (individual or firm) who receives a benefit without giving money or money’s
worth immediately, but liable to pay in future or in due course of time is a debtor. The
debtors are shown as an asset in the balance sheet. For example, Mr. Ravi bought goods on
credit from Mr. Ram for Rs.10,000. Mr. Ravi is a debtor to Mr. Ram till he pays the value
of the goods.
Creditors
A person who gives a benefit without receiving money or money’s worth immediately but
to claim in future, is a creditor. The creditors are shown as a liability in the balance sheet. In
the above example Mr. Ram is a creditor to Mr. Ravi till he receive the value of the goods.
Purchases
Purchases refers to the amount of goods bought by a business for resale or for use in the
production. Goods purchased for cash are called cash purchases. If it is purchased on
credit, it is called as credit purchases. Total purchases include both cash and credit
purchases.
Purchases Return or Returns Outward
When goods are returned to the suppliers due to defective quality or not as per the terms of
purchase, it is called as purchases return. To find net purchases, purchases return is
deducted from the total purchases.
Sales
Sales refers to the amount of goods sold that are already bought or manufactured by the
business. When goods are sold for cash, they are cash sales but if goods are sold and
payment is not received at the time of sale, it is credit sales. Total sales includes both cash
and credit sales.
Sales Return or Returns Inward
When goods are returned from the customers due to defective quality or not as per the terms
of sale, it is called sales return or returns inward. To find out net sales, sales return is
deducted from total sales.
Stock
Stock includes goods unsold on a particular date. Stock may be opening and closing stock.
The term opening stock means goods unsold in the beginning of the accounting period.
Whereas the term closing stock includes goods unsold at the end of the accounting period.
For example, if 5,000 units purchased @ Rs. 30 per unit remain unsold, the closing stock is
Rs. 1,50,000. This will be opening stock of the subsequent year.
Revenue
Revenue means the amount receivable or realised from sale of goods and earnings from
interest, dividend, commission, etc.
Expense
It is the amount spent in order to produce and sell the goods and services. For example,
purchase of raw materials, payment of salaries, wages, etc.
Income
Income is the difference between revenue and expense.
Voucher
It is a written document in support of a transaction. It is a proof that a particular transaction
has taken place for the value stated in the voucher. It may be in the form of cash receipt,
invoice, cash memo, bank pay-in-slip etc. Voucher is necessary to audit the accounts.
Invoice
Invoice is a business document which is prepared when one sell goods to another. The
statement is prepared by the seller of goods. It contains the information relating to name and
address of the seller and the buyer, the date of sale and the clear description of goods with
quantity and price.
Receipt
Receipt is an acknowledgement for cash received. It is issued to the party paying cash.
Receipts form the basis for entries in cash book.
Account
Account is a summary of relevant business transactions at one place relating to a person,
asset, expense or revenue named in the heading. An account is a brief history of financial
transactions of a particular person or item. An account has two sides called debit side and
credit side.
Regular Study - Classification of Accounts
Classification of Accounts
Transactions can be divided into three categories.
i. Transactions relating to individuals and firms
ii. Transactions relating to properties, goods or cash
iii. Transactions relating to expenses or losses and incomes or gains.
Therefore, accounts can also be classified into Personal, Real and Nominal. The
classification may be illustrated as follows
Personal Accounts:
Accounts recording transactions relating to individuals or firms or company are known as
personal accounts. Personal accounts may further be classified as:
(i) Natural Person’s personal accounts: The accounts recording transactions relating to
individual human beings e.g., Anand’s a/c, Ramesh’s a/c, Pankaj a/c are classified as natural
persons’ personal accounts.
(ii) Artificial Persons’ Personal accounts: The accounts recording transactions relating to
limited companies, bank, firm, institution, club, etc., Delhi Cloth Mill; M/s Sahoo & Sahoo;
Hans Raj College; Gymkhana Club are classified as artificial persons’ personal accounts.
(iii) Representative Personal Accounts: The accounts recording transactions relating to
the expenses and incomes are classified as nominal accounts. But in certain cases (due to
the matching concept of accounting) the amount, on a particular date, is payable to the
individuals or recoverable from individuals. Such amount (i) relates to the particular head of
expenditure or income and (ii) represent persons to whom it is payable or from whom it is
recoverable. Such accounts are classified as representative personal accounts e.g., “wages
outstanding account”, pre-paid Insurance account, etc.
The proprietor being an individual his capital account and his drawings account are
also personal accounts.
Impersonal Accounts
All those accounts which are not personal accounts. This is further divided into two types
viz. Real and Nominal accounts.
i. Real Accounts: Accounts relating to properties and assets which are owned by the
business concern. Real accounts include tangible and intangible accounts. For example,
Land, Building, Goodwill, Purchases, etc.
ii. Nominal Accounts: These accounts do not have any existence, form or shape. They
relate to incomes and expenses and gains and losses of a business concern. For example,
Salary Account, Dividend Account, etc.
Rules of debit and credit (classification based)
1. Personal accounts : Debit the receiver - Credit the giver (supplier)
2. Real accounts : Debit what comes in - Credit what goes out
3. Nominal accounts : Debit expenses and losses - Credit incomes and gains