Calculate Altman Z score

Calculate Altman Z score 

a) 1.945

b) 2.945

c) 3.945

d) 4.945

The prediction that the company  

a) non bankrupt company 

b) is not on the verge of financial ruin

c)  bankrupt company

d) is  on the verge of financial ruin

e) a and b

d) c and d

1. Working capital = Current assets - current liabilities = 140000 - 70000 = 70,000

2. Total assets = 210000+90000+35000+10000+5000 = 350000

3. Retained earnings. = Reserves & surplus = 30000

4. EBIT = operating profit = 200000

5. Market value of shares = 10000 x 15 = 150000

6. Book value of total debts = Long term liabilities + current liabilities = 150000 + 70000 =

220000.

7. Sales = 200000 x 4 = 800000, since operating profit is 25% on sales.

Conclusion:

Z = 1.2×0.20 + 1.4 × 0.09 + 3.3 × 0.57 + 0.6 × 0.68 + 1.0 × 2.29 = 4.945, say 4.95

Altman Z-Score CAIIB BFM

Application of Altman Z Score / Bankruptcy Score Formula

The formula is used to predict corporate defaults or bankruptcy or in academic language, financial distress position of companies.

The formula is based on discriminant analysis technique in statistical analysis.

The formula uses multiple variables from income statement and balance sheet of companies.

What’s the formula?

Formula =

Altman Z-Score = 1.2*T1 + 1.4*T2 + 3.3*T3 + 0.6*T4 + 1.0*T5

Here are the key definitions from the above formula:

T1 = Working Capital / Total Assets

This ratio measures liquid assets. The companies in trouble will usually experience shrinking liquidity.

T2 = Retained Earnings / Total Assets

This ratio calculates the overall profitability of the company. Dwindling profitability is a warning sign.

T3 = Earnings before Interest and Taxes / Total Assets

This ratio shows how productive a company is in generating earnings, relative to its size.

T4 = Market Capitalization / Total Liabilities

This ratio suggests how far the company’s assets can decline before it becomes technically insolvent (i.e., its liabilities become higher than its assets).

T5 = Sales / Total Assets

This is the asset turnover ratio and is a measure of how effectively the firm uses its assets to generate sales

BFM Recollected questions::

BFM Recollected questions::

Daily votality is 5% 2.5 Find modified duration - Ans is 2.38

STRIPS (Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal Securities) is a ...... zero-coupon securities

Which is not a derivative product ? - Repo (Swap, Option, Forward, Repo)

ECB limit - USD 500 mn up to minimum period of 5 years and USD 20 mn up to minimum period of 3 years without prior approval of RBI

ECB is denominated in which currencies.....USD, Euro or JPY

Consessive rate of interest on postshipment rupee export credit to gold card status holder can be extended maximum - 365 days

One importer want import one machine from China.He has to open lc. The exporter wants advance payment. What type lc - red clause

Value at risk is a measure of? Gap risks in foreign exchange operations

Which office not under treasury ? Options given r Mid office, back office, front office, legal office*, 

Under standard assets, provision for loss, RSV should be?? Ans - less than 10%

If interest of principle is not serviced for 90 days, what is the position of account? ans- outof order

Basel 3 teir 1 components. (Plz remember that Revaluation reserve is also now under Teir 1)

If treasury assets r withdrawn before maturity, what type of risk is it? ,

A 91 Day T bill of 93.21 wl have yield of? 

If 91 days treasury is 88., then its implied yield is?

ICAAP is related to? 

ADR related question

Double forward is called what ?

Related to Nro account

Nro account can be opened as sb,CA,FD type

Derivatives also lot of questions

Advising bank roles ... Like what he can do what can't

INCOTERM

IRS

Swap

Risk weightage

Lot of RWAs questions

Which is not included in calculation of NDTL/DTL for CRR/SLR

Component of tier 1

Rwa as per Basel III for housing loan based on LTV

Many questions sellect correct or incorrect about NRO NRE FCNR ECB EEFC CCIL

Estimated occurence of probability

Questions on currency derivatives, forwards, swaps

Forex market characteristics

One question related to embedded option risk

As per basic indicator approach calculation of capital charge 15% of average gross income over there years given but one of the year is having negative one that we have to ignore.

8.83GS2023price100.49 with yield 8.75 .....just it is given and based on this statement he asked for 5marks

Crystallization period for export

One question on American and europian option

Capital charge on operational risk based on standardized approach and basic indicator approach

Questions on ADR AND GDR

Questions on option and forward contact, future

Loan To Value Ratio

Risk Weight %

Swap Defination , ADR and INCOTERMS

RWA calculation for operational risk under Standardized approach

DGAP

Conceptual question on FCNR, RFC, NRO, NRE

Operational risk calculation all approaches

Modified duration

Tier 1 n tier 2 numerical

LC based case studies for 5 marks

Basic inducater appoach market risk 5 number

Modified duration of equity5 ques

Calculations of capital adequacy ratio quite a few questions

10 questions at from various risks associated with Treasury operations

Interest rate swap 5 questions

Bill buying 5 questions

EXCHANGE RATE

AAA A BB Rating Chart Questions for Risk Weighted Calculations

Yield Calculation

W RSA,RSL NUMERICAL

RATED BOND NUMERICAL

Yeild of bond numerical

BASIC INDICATOR APPROACH NUMERICAL

BPV

Forex t.bill 

Leverage 

Forward contact

CRAR

Operational risk

Treasury theoritical

60question theory easy

No ques from volatility and bpv

Call risk problems

packing credit problems

Rsl. Rsa.. Md problems

Leveage ratio related case study

BASEL III Tier 1 Tier 2 capital Minimum equity ratio related 

BFM Book page no 415 ICCAP related question

BFM Book page no 443 stock approach related 05 question

BFM Book page no 477 - RSL/RSA/DGAP/Modified Duration Gaps

BFM Book page no 20 - Export Bill 5 marks

BFM Book page no 295 - Estimated level of Operational Risk 

Case study numerical-TEIR 1 TEIR 2 CAPITAL CONVERSION BUFFER QUESTION BASEL ON BASEL3

Case study on RFC account 5 marks

Case study on forex exchange buying commission etc 5marks

Case study on mkdified duration gap 5marks

VAR - 1 QUESTION 

TEIR 1 COMPONENT-2 QUESTION

CBLO- 1 QUESTIOn

Case Studies on

1. Cancellation of contract

2. NRE/NRO POA

3. RWA

4. MEAN & SD

5. SLR

6. YTM

7. SHORT LERM & LONG TERM GAP ASSET VS Liabilities

8. NII & NIM

9. Tier1, Tier2

10. Capital adequecy

11. Nostro Vostro Loro

12. Daily volatilty

13. Stop loss limit

14. Operational risk case study

15. Foreign exchange numericals

16. Swap numericals

17. Liquidity case study

18. Forward rate agreement 25 crore 3 month swap, three year three business line calculate yield and risk weightage

19. Calculate CET Basel 3

20. Calculate Aadditional tier 1

...........................................

2 to 3 question duration

5 question export bill(cancellation of contract rate, margin amount,rebook rate,etc)

5 question on capital adequacy (balance sheet provided, compute equity capital, tier 1 capital, total rw, capital adequacy, buffer capital)

5 question on nostro,loro vostro

5 question on FRA 

5 question on net interest margin 

2-3 question on bonds

3-4 question on LC

some 2-3 sums on bpv

...........................................

1. Rate qoute 1 ques

2.LC partial delivery UCPDC rule

3.FRA 6*9 dates of delivery and maturity

4.case study on rules and guidelines regarding NRE, NRO and FCNR accounts- amt of loan,POA,remittance,fund transfer limit etc

5.coupon swaps,forward contracts

6.securitization-SPV or Commercial bank allocation of assets 

7.Case study on NII,NIM,EER

8.Case study on Cash flows,deviation during years,SD/mean

9.ECGC insurance premium bear by?

10.CHIPS-USA

11.treasury risk management 4-5 ques

12.European put option

13.Authorises person categ 2

14. ques on BOP expansion 

15.bank margin calculation from rates 

16.Stop loss given- asked whether buy or sell at what rate to book profit or stop loss

17.monthly volatility given-calculate daily volatility 

18.modified duration calculation 

19.case study on Nostro Vostro and Loro and Mirror accounts

20.which is not an off balance sheet item of following 

21.crystallisation of sight bills 30 days

22.LC date expired due to bank closed due to hurricane UCPDC rule

23.standard ECGC policy cover-political risk

24.basel III - tier 2 capital req of total risk wtd assets, pillar 3 def

25.standardised approach and basic indicator approach and AMA all methods for operational risk calcualtion

24. volatility can also be measured by?

25.price volatility depends on yield volatility,BPV,Yield and price

26.VaR related 2 ques theoretical

27.derivatives hedge underlying risks

28.call risk

29.Maturity ladder or baskets case study

30.provision coverage ratio def

31.asset liability mismatch

32. Bond ytm,current yield 2-3 ques

Time buckets for BFM exam

Time buckets for BFM exam

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FrtoipiegRYtH9UQZrt2GgvQQZfQDyEG/view?usp=sharing

Very important for BFM case study to solve remember

Summary of Major Issues in LC Transactions

Check List for Issuing/Accepting L/C
• Quality of Issuing Bank
• Method of Payment: Sight or Deferred Basis
• Transport Documents
• Other Documents
• Documents: Banks deal in documents not in goods, services or performance
• Should not refer to underlying contract
• Timing: UCP norm is max. 21 days after shipment date for presentation of
documents
Responsibilities and Obligations of Banks
• Irrevocable unless otherwise mentioned
• Issuing Bank: Prime obligation
• Advising Bank: Only obligation to authenticate the credit and passing it on promptly
to beneficiary

• Confirming Bank: takes over payment responsibilities of the issuing bank as far as the
beneficiary is concerned
• Reimbursing Bank: Responsibility of Issuing Bank to provide proper reimbursement
instructions
• Applicability of Force Majeure clause limiting banks’ liability on account of Acts of
God, riots, etc.
• Banks have five banking days to examine documents after receipt of documents
• Banks will examine documents with reasonable care
• Documents should be consistent with each other and complete
• Documents should conform with the terms of the credit
• Documents should comply with the provisions of UCP
Common Defects in Documentation
Commonly found discrepancies between the letter of credit and supporting documents
include:
• Letter of Credit has expired prior to presentation of draft.
• Bill of Lading evidences delivery prior to or after the date range stated in the credit.
• Stale dated documents.
• Changes included in the invoice not authorized in the credit.
• Inconsistent description of goods.
• Insurance document errors.

UCP 600

UCP 600


Why Documentary Credits
• Exchange of goods and services across national boundaries brings greater problems
to both buyer and seller than does domestic business.
• Diversity of customs, standards, currencies, local regulations, languages and legal
systems
• The Documentary Letter of Credit is widely used to reduce the financial risks of
trade.
• Importer wants to ensure performance while exporter wants to secure payment.
• Few of the rules are subject to any national or international law. Provisions of
International Chamber of Commerce & Industry (ICC) important, but not foolproof.
• Generally adopted set of rules for credits known as the Uniform Customs and
Practice for Letters of Credit (UCP) issued by ICC, publication no.600, 2007 (earlier
version no. 500, 1993).
Introduction
• This revision of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits
(commonly called "UCP") is the sixth revision of the rules since they were first
promulgated in 1933.
• The objective of UCP, since attained, was to create a set of contractual rules that
would establish uniformity in that practice, so that practitioners would not have to
cope with a plethora of often conflicting national regulations. The universal
acceptance of the UCP by practitioners in countries with widely divergent economic
and judicial systems is a testament to the rules' success.
• It is important to recall that the UCP represent the work of a private international
organization, not a governmental body.

Important Articles
Article 1 Application of UCP
• The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 2007 Revision, ICC
Publication no. 600 ("UCP") are rules that apply to any documentary credit ("credit")
(including, to the extent to which they may be applicable, any standby letter of
credit) when the text of the credit expressly indicates that it is subject to these rules.
They are binding on all parties thereto unless expressly modified or excluded by the
credit.
Article 2: Definitions
• Advising bank means the bank that advises the credit at the request of the issuing
bank.
• Applicant means the party on whose request the credit is issued.
• Beneficiary means the party in whose favour a credit is issued.

Confirmation means a definite undertaking of the confirming bank, in addition to
that of the issuing bank, to honour or negotiate a complying presentation.
Confirming bank means the bank that adds its confirmation to a credit upon the
issuing bank's authorization or request.
• Issuing bank means the bank that issues a credit at the request of an applicant or on
its own behalf.
• Negotiation means the purchase by the nominated bank of drafts (drawn on a bank
other than the nominated bank) and/or documents under a complying presentation,
by advancing or agreeing to advance funds to the beneficiary on or before the
banking day on which reimbursement is due to the nominated bank.
• Nominated bank means the bank with which the credit is available or any bank in
the case of a credit available with any bank.
Article 3: Interpretations
• The expression "on or about" or similar will be interpreted as a stipulation that an
event is to occur during a period of five calendar days before until five calendar days
after the specified date, both start and end dates included.
• The words "to", "until", "till", "from" and "between" when used to determine a
period of shipment include the date or dates mentioned, and the words "before"
and "after" exclude the date mentioned.
• The terms "first half" and "second half" of a month shall be construed respectively as
the 1st to the 15th and the 16th to the last day of the month, all dates inclusive.
• The terms "beginning", "middle" and "end" of a month shall be construed
respectively as the 1st to the 10th, the 11th to the 20th and the 21st to the last day
of the month, all dates inclusive.
Article 4: Credits vs Contracts
• A credit by its nature is a separate transaction from the sale or other contract on
which it may be based. Banks are in no way concerned with or bound by such
contract, even if any reference whatsoever to it is included in the credit.
Article 5: Documents v. Goods, Services or Performance
• Banks deal with documents and not with goods, services or performance to which
the documents may relate.
Article 6 Availability, Expiry Date and Place for Presentation
• A credit must state the bank with which it is available or whether it is available with
any bank. A credit available with a nominated bank is also available with the issuing
bank.
• A credit must state whether it is available by sight payment, deferred payment,
acceptance or negotiation.
• A credit must state an expiry date for presentation.
• The place of the bank with which the credit is available is the place for presentation.


Article 9 Advising of Credits and Amendments
• A credit and any amendment may be advised to a beneficiary through an advising
bank. An advising bank that is not a confirming bank advises the credit and any
amendment without any undertaking to honour or negotiate.
• By advising the credit or amendment, the advising bank signifies that it has satisfied
itself as to the apparent authenticity of the credit or amendment and that the advice
accurately reflects the terms and conditions of the credit or amendment received.
• A bank utilizing the services of an advising bank or second advising bank to advise a
credit must use the same bank to advise any amendment thereto.
Article 10 Amendments
• The terms and conditions of the original credit (or a credit incorporating previously
accepted amendments) will remain in force for the beneficiary until the beneficiary
communicates its acceptance of the amendment to the bank that advised such
amendment. The beneficiary should give notification of acceptance or rejection of an
amendment. If the beneficiary fails to give such notification, a presentation that
complies with the credit and to any not yet accepted amendment will be deemed to
be notification of acceptance by the beneficiary of such amendment. As of that
moment the credit will be amended.
• Partial acceptance of an amendment is not allowed and will be deemed to be
notification of rejection of the amendment.
Article 11 Teletransmitted and Pre-Advised Credits and Amendments
• An authenticated teletransmission of a credit or amendment will be deemed to be
the operative credit or amendment, and any subsequent mail confirmation shall be
disregarded.
• If a teletransmission states "full details to follow" (or words of similar effect), or
states that the mail confirmation is to be the operative credit or amendment, then
the teletransmission will not be deemed to be the operative credit or amendment.
The issuing bank must then issue the operative credit or amendment without delay
in terms not inconsistent with the teletransmission.
Article 13 Bank-to-Bank Reimbursement Arrangements
• An issuing bank must provide a reimbursing bank with a reimbursement
authorization that conforms with the availability stated in the credit. The
reimbursement authorization should not be subject to an expiry date.
• An issuing bank will be responsible for any loss of interest, together with any
expenses incurred, if reimbursement is not provided on first demand by a
reimbursing bank in accordance with the terms and conditions of the credit.
• A reimbursing bank's charges are for the account of the issuing bank.
Article 14 Standard for Examination of Documents
• A nominated bank acting on its nomination, a confirming bank, if any, and the issuing
bank must examine a presentation to determine, on the basis of the documents
alone, whether or not the documents appear on their face to constitute a complying
presentation.

• A nominated bank acting on its nomination, a confirming bank, if any, and the issuing
bank shall each have a maximum of five banking days following the day of
presentation to determine if a presentation is complying. This period is not curtailed
or otherwise affected by the occurrence on or after the date of presentation of any
expiry date or last day for presentation.
• A presentation must be made by or on behalf of the beneficiary not later than 21
calendar days after the date of shipment as described in these rules, but in any event
not later than the expiry date of the credit.
Article 16 Discrepant Documents, Waiver and Notice
• When a nominated bank acting on its nomination, a confirming bank, if any, or the
issuing bank determines that a presentation does not comply, it may refuse to
honour or negotiate.
• When an issuing bank determines that a presentation does not comply, it may in its
sole judgement approach the applicant for a waiver of the discrepancies.
• When a nominated bank acting on its nomination, a confirming bank, if any, or the
issuing bank decides to refuse to honour or negotiate, it must give a single notice to
that effect to the presenter.
• The notice must state:
• i. that the bank is refusing to honour or negotiate; and
• ii. each discrepancy in respect of which the bank refuses to honour or negotiate; and
• iii. a) that the bank is holding the documents pending further instructions from the
presenter; or
• b) that the issuing bank is holding the documents until it receives a waiver from the
applicant and agrees to accept it, or receives further instructions from the presenter
prior to agreeing to accept a waiver; or
• c) that the bank is returning the documents; or
• d) that the bank is acting in accordance with instructions previously received from
the presenter.
• The notice required in sub-article 16 (c) must be given by telecommunication or, if
that is not possible, by other expeditious means no later than the close of the fifth
banking day following the day of presentation.
Article 20 Bill of Lading
• A bill of lading, however named, must appear to:
• i. indicate the name of the carrier and be signed by:
• the carrier or a named agent for or on behalf of the carrier, or
• the master or a named agent for or on behalf of the master.
• ii. indicate that the goods have been shipped on board a named vessel at the port of
loading stated in the credit by:
• pre-printed wording, or
• an on board notation indicating the date on which the goods have been shipped on
board.
• be the sole original bill of lading or, if issued in more than one original, be the full set
as indicated on the bill of lading.


Other Transport Documents
• Non-Negotiable Sea Waybill (Article 21)
• Charter Party Bill of Lading (Article 22)
• Multimodal Transport Document (Article 19)
• Air Transport Document (Article 23)
• Road, Rail or Inland Waterway Transport Documents (Article 24)
• Courier Receipts, Post Receipt or Certificate of Posting (Article 25)
Article 26 "On Deck”
• A transport document must not indicate that the goods are or will be loaded on
deck. A clause on a transport document stating that the goods may be loaded on
deck is acceptable.
Article 27 Clean Transport Document
• A bank will only accept a clean transport document. A clean transport document is
one bearing no clause or notation expressly declaring a defective condition of the
goods or their packaging. The word "clean" need not appear on a transport
document, even if a credit has a requirement for that transport document to be
"clean on board".
Article 28 Insurance Document and Coverage
• Cover notes will not be accepted.
• The date of the insurance document must be no later than the date of shipment,
unless it appears from the insurance document that the cover is effective from a
date not later than the date of shipment.
• The insurance document must indicate the amount of insurance coverage and be in
the same currency as the credit.
• If there is no indication in the credit of the insurance coverage required, the amount
of insurance coverage must be at least 110% of the CIF or CIP value of the goods.
Article 29 Extension of Expiry Date or Last Day for Presentation
• If the expiry date of a credit or the last day for presentation falls on a day when the
bank to which presentation is to be made is closed for reasons other than those
referred to in article 36, the expiry date or the last day for presentation, as the case
may be, will be extended to the first following banking day.
Article 30 Tolerance in Credit Amount, Quantity and Unit Prices
• The words "about" or "approximately" used in connection with the amount of the
credit or the quantity or the unit price stated in the credit are to be construed as
allowing a tolerance not to exceed 10% more or 10% less than the amount, the
quantity or the unit price to which they refer.
• A tolerance not to exceed 5% more or 5% less than the quantity of the goods is
allowed, provided the credit does not state the quantity in terms of a stipulated
number of packing units or individual items and the total amount of the drawings
does not exceed the amount of the credit.


Article 31 Partial Drawings or Shipments
• Partial drawings or shipments are allowed.
Article 34 Disclaimer on Effectiveness of Documents
• A bank assumes no liability or responsibility for the form, sufficiency, accuracy,
genuineness, falsification or legal effect of any document, or for the general or
particular conditions stipulated in a document or superimposed thereon; nor does it
assume any liability or responsibility for the description, quantity, weight, quality,
condition, packing, delivery, value or existence of the goods, services or other
performance represented by any document, or for the good faith or acts or
omissions, solvency, performance or standing of the consignor, the carrier, the
forwarder, the consignee or the insurer of the goods or any other person.
Article 35 Disclaimer on Transmission and Translation
• A bank assumes no liability or responsibility for the consequences arising out of
delay, loss in transit, mutilation or other errors arising in the transmission of any
messages or delivery of letters or documents, when such messages, letters or
documents are transmitted or sent according to the requirements stated in the
credit, or when the bank may have taken the initiative in the choice of the delivery
service in the absence of such instructions in the credit.
• If a nominated bank determines that a presentation is complying and forwards the
documents to the issuing bank or confirming bank, whether or not the nominated
bank has honoured or negotiated, an issuing bank or confirming bank must honour
or negotiate, or reimburse that nominated bank, even when the documents have
been lost in transit between the nominated bank and the issuing bank or confirming
bank, or between the confirming bank and the issuing bank.
• A bank assumes no liability or responsibility for errors in translation or interpretation
of technical terms and may transmit credit terms without translating them.
Article 36 Force Majeure
• A bank assumes no liability or responsibility for the consequences arising out of the
interruption of its business by Acts of God, riots, civil commotions, insurrections,
wars, acts of terrorism, or by any strikes or lockouts or any other causes beyond its
control.
• A bank will not, upon resumption of its business, honour or negotiate under a credit
that expired during such interruption of its business.
Article 37 Disclaimer for Acts of an Instructed Party
• A bank utilizing the services of another bank for the purpose of giving effect to the
instructions of the applicant does so for the account and at the risk of the applicant.
• An issuing bank or advising bank assumes no liability or responsibility should the
instructions it transmits to another bank not be carried out, even if it has taken the
initiative in the choice of that other bank.
Article 38 Transferable Credits
• A bank is under no obligation to transfer a credit except to the extent and in the
manner expressly consented to by that bank.

• Transferable credit means a credit that specifically states it is "transferable". A
transferable credit may be made available in whole or in part to another beneficiary
("second beneficiary") at the request of the beneficiary ("first beneficiary").
• Transferring bank means a nominated bank that transfers the credit or, in a credit
available with any bank, a bank that is specifically authorized by the issuing bank to
transfer and that transfers the credit. An issuing bank may be a transferring bank.
Transferred credit means a credit that has been made available by the transferring
bank to a second beneficiary.
• A credit may be transferred in part to more than one second beneficiary provided
partial drawings or shipments are allowed.
• A transferred credit cannot be transferred at the request of a second beneficiary to
any subsequent beneficiary. The first beneficiary is not considered to be a
subsequent beneficiary.
• Any request for transfer must indicate if and under what conditions amendments
may be advised to the second beneficiary. The transferred credit must clearly
indicate those conditions.
• The transferred credit must accurately reflect the terms and conditions of the credit,
including confirmation, if any, with the exception of:
- the amount of the credit,
- any unit price stated therein,
- the expiry date,
- the period for presentation, or
- the latest shipment date or given period for shipment,
any or all of which may be reduced or curtailed.
• The first beneficiary has the right to substitute its own invoice and draft, if any, for
those of a second beneficiary for an amount not in excess of that stipulated in the
credit, and upon such substitution the first beneficiary can draw under the credit for
the difference, if any, between its invoice and the invoice of a second beneficiary.

Summary of Major Issues in LC Transactions
Check List for Issuing/Accepting L/C
• Quality of Issuing Bank
• Method of Payment: Sight or Deferred Basis
• Transport Documents
• Other Documents
• Documents: Banks deal in documents not in goods, services or performance
• Should not refer to underlying contract
• Timing: UCP norm is max. 21 days after shipment date for presentation of
documents
Responsibilities and Obligations of Banks
• Irrevocable unless otherwise mentioned
• Issuing Bank: Prime obligation
• Advising Bank: Only obligation to authenticate the credit and passing it on promptly
to beneficiary

• Confirming Bank: takes over payment responsibilities of the issuing bank as far as the
beneficiary is concerned
• Reimbursing Bank: Responsibility of Issuing Bank to provide proper reimbursement
instructions
• Applicability of Force Majeure clause limiting banks’ liability on account of Acts of
God, riots, etc.
• Banks have five banking days to examine documents after receipt of documents
• Banks will examine documents with reasonable care
• Documents should be consistent with each other and complete
• Documents should conform with the terms of the credit
• Documents should comply with the provisions of UCP
Common Defects in Documentation
Commonly found discrepancies between the letter of credit and supporting documents
include:
• Letter of Credit has expired prior to presentation of draft.
• Bill of Lading evidences delivery prior to or after the date range stated in the credit.
• Stale dated documents.
• Changes included in the invoice not authorized in the credit.
• Inconsistent description of goods.
• Insurance document errors.
• Invoice amount not equal to draft amount.
• Ports of loading and destination not as specified in the credit.
• Description of merchandise is not as stated in credit.
• A document required by the credit is not presented.
• Documents are inconsistent as to general information such as volume, quality, etc.
• Names of documents not exact as described in the credit. Beneficiary information
must be exact.
• Invoice or statement is not signed as stipulated in the letter of credit.
Options for Banks dealing in Discrepant Documents
• Ask beneficiaries to make corrections
• Accept minor discrepancies and pay under reserve
• Obtain indemnity from seller
• Telex/fax details of discrepancies to the issuing bank and request permission to pay
• Send the documents on collection
Marine or Ocean Bill of Lading
• They are documents of title. Should be signed by ship’s master or his named agent
• If stated that goods are on board, then dated
• Load port and disport should be named
• `On Deck’ transport document not allowed
• Clean Transport Document
• Quasi-negotiable: transferable by endorsement and physical delivery, but no
recourse
• Transhipment allowed unless prohibited in L/C

Other Transport Documents
• Some multi-modal transport operators (MTOs) also issue negotiable documents for
transport operations where the goods are carried by several different modes of
transport.
• Today goods often travel faster than the related documents. Rail, road and air
transport documents are issued only in non-negotiable form with the goods
consigned direct to a named consignee. Usually this will be the buyer unless the
goods are consigned to a bank
Non-Transport Documents
• Insurance Documents (Article 28): Same currency as the Credit, Minimum amount to
be CIF or CIP plus 10%,
• Commercial Invoices (Article 18)
• Consular Invoice
• Certificate of Origin
• Weight List
• Packing List
• Inspection or Survey Certificate
• Test Certificates

ECGC guarantee::

ECGC guarantee::

In the case of advances classified as doubtful and guaranteed by ECGC, provision should be made only for the balance in excess of the amount guaranteed by the Corporation. Further, while arriving at the provision required to be made for doubtful assets, realisable value of the securities should first be deducted from the outstanding balance in respect of the amount guaranteed by the Corporation and then provision made as illustrated hereunder:

Example::

Outstanding Balance Rs. 4 lakhs
ECGC Cover 50 percent
Period for which the advance has remained doubtful More than 2 years remained doubtful (say as on March 31, 2014)
Value of security held Rs. 1.50 lakhs
Provision required to be made
Outstanding balance Rs. 4.00 lakhs
Less: Value of security held Rs. 1.50 lakhs
Unrealised balance Rs. 2.50 lakhs
Less: ECGC Cover
(50% of unrealisable balance) Rs. 1.25 lakhs
Net unsecured balance Rs. 1.25 lakhs

Provision for unsecured portion of advance Rs. 1.25 lakhs (@ 100 percent of unsecured portion)
Provision for secured portion of advance (as on March 31, 2012) Rs.0.60 lakhs (@ 40 per cent of the secured portion)

Total provision to be made Rs.1.85 lakhs (as on March 31, 2014)

Treasury Management :: (Read nice article)

Treasury Management ::
 (Read nice article)
Banks not only lend money to customers but also invest in securities such as Bonds and
Debentures of Government as well as Corporates. These instruments are easily tradable
in the capital and money market. The tradability of securities makes investments an
attractive option for banks for deployment of their funds. Further, banks buy securities
not only to trade but also to hold them till maturity to take advantage of the attractive
returns with relatively lower risk. Banks are allowed to invest in shares of companies.
However, the volumes are low due to associated high risk besides regulatory restrictions.
The investment portfolio of the banks broadly divided into three groups viz.,
Trading Book – Securities purchased with the intention of selling them within 90 days
are held in the trading book. Trading opportunities arise in the market on account of
fluctuation in interest rates and arbitrage opportunities.
Available for Sale (AFS) – Securities which are bought with the intention of selling
them but not necessarily within 90 days is considered to be AFS securities. They are also
part of the trading portfolio of the bank but only the time frame is different. Both the
trading and AFS securities have to be “Marked to Market” every quarter while finalization
of quarterly results.
Held to Maturity (HTM) – These securities are meant to be held till their date of
maturity and the purpose investing in them is to earn reasonable steady income. These
securities are carried in the books at cost or purchase price till maturity. Hence, HTM
securities need not be “Marked to Market” as the bank is certain of receiving the
maturity value on the specified date. Banks are not allowed to shift securities freely from
trading and AFS to the HTM book as this may lead to overstating of profit figures.
However, banks can opt for shifting only once in a year to adjust their overall portfolio.
Banks are permitted to exceed the limit of 25% of total investments under HTM category
provided (a) the excess comprises of only of SLR securities and (b) the total SLR
securities held in the HTM category is not more than 23% by March 2014.
Call Money Markets: Call and notice money market refers to the market for short term
funds ranging from overnight funds to funds for a maximum tenor of 14 days. Under Call
money market, funds are transacted on overnight basis where as in case of notice
money market; funds are transacted for the period of 2 days to 14 days.
Coupon Rate: It is a rate at which interest is paid, and is usually represented as a
percentage of the par value of a bond. It refers to the periodic interest payments that
are made by the borrower (who is also the issuer of the bond) to the lender (the
subscriber of the bond) and the coupons are stated upfront either directly specifying the
number (e.g.8%) or indirectly tying with a benchmark rate (e.g. MIBOR+0.5%).
Zero Coupon Bond / Deep Discount Bond: The bond is issued at a discount to its
face value, at which it will be redeemed. When such a bond is issued for a very long
tenor, the issue price is at a steep discount to the redemption value. The effective
interest earned by the buyer is the difference between the face value and the discounted
price at which the bond is bought. The essential feature of this type of bonds is the
absence of intermittent cash flows.
Commercial Paper (CP): It is a short-term instrument to enable non-banking
companies to borrow short-term funds through liquid money market instruments. CPs is
therefore part of the working capital limits as set by the maximum permissible bank
finance (MPBF). CP issues are regulated by RBI Guidelines issued from time to time
stipulating term, eligibility, limits and amount and method of issuance. CP can be issued
for maturities between a minimum of 7 days and a maximum up to one year from the
date of issue. The maturity date of the CP should not go beyond the date up to which the
credit rating of the issuer is valid. CP can be issued in denominations of `5 lakh and
multiples thereof. It is mandatory that CPs should be rated by credit rating agencies. In
a bid to make CPs attractive, the RBI has allowed issuers to buyback these instruments
through the secondary market before maturity. It attracts stamp duty.
Certificates of Deposits (CDs): It is a negotiable money market instrument and
issued in dematerialized form or as a Usance Promissory Note, for funds, deposited at a
bank or other eligible financial institutions to raise short-term resources within the
umbrella limit fixed by RBI. CDs may be issued at a discount on face value. CDs differ
from term deposit as they involve the creation of paper, and hence have the facility for
transfer and multiple ownerships before maturity. Banks use the CDs for borrowing
during a credit pickup, to the extent of shortage in incremental deposits. Minimum
amount of a CD should be one lakh and in multiples thereof. The maturity period of CDs
should be not less than 7 days and not more than one year. However FIs are allowed to
issue CDs not exceeding 3 years from the date of issue. Banks have to maintain the
appropriate reserve requirements (CRR/SLR) on the issue price of the CDs. It attracts
stamp duty. Banks/Fis cannot grant loans against CDs.
Mumbai Inter Bank Offered Rate (MIBOR) - Currently there are two calculating
agents for the benchmark viz., Reuters and the National Stock Exchange (NSE). The NSE
MIBOR benchmark is the more popular of the two and is based on rates polled by NSE
from a representative panel of 31 Banks / Institutions / Primary Dealers. It is used by
different Indian banks either for interbank lending of the surplus funds or for interbank
borrowing for meeting their short term liquidity requirements. MIBOR has been in use as
a reference/benchmark rate by the financial institutions for deciding interest rates for
the different financial instruments like Interest Rate Swaps, Forward Rate Agreements,
Floating Rate Debentures and Term Deposits, Loans of different maturities and
mortgages, etc. It is also the benchmark for the Call Money Market Rates.
Securitization is an effective tool to reduce the mismatches in the maturities of assets
and liabilities. It is a financing technique that involves pooling and re-packing of illiquid
financial assets in to marketable securities. There are six players viz., Borrowers,
Lending Banker (who becomes an originator for the Securitization transaction), Special
Purpose Vehicle (SPV), Credit Rating Agency, Investors and Service Providers. The
process of securitization involves identification of financial assets, rating of these assets
by the rating agency, creation of a SPV for handling the securitization transaction,
assignment of future receivables in favour of the SPV, issuance of marketable securities
based on these underlying financial assets and selling the same to the investors. The
service providers recover the amount periodically and remit to the SPV and who in turn
pass the benefit to the investors.
Asset and Liability Management – RBI Guidelines: Of late, it is observed that PSBs
have been accepting Bulk Deposits/Certificate of Deposits route to increase balance
sheet size at very high interest rates, adversely affecting the profitability besides
exposing the banks to ALM Risk. RBI directed banks not to accept Bulk Deposits beyond
10% of the total deposits and the total of Bulk Deposits & Certificates of Deposits should
not exceed 15% of total deposits of the bank at any given point of time. An appropriate
time-bound strategy for reduction of such existing bulk deposits should be put in place.
Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC) denotes Net Bank Credit plus investments made
by banks in non-SLR bonds held in HTM category. However, investments made by banks
in the Recapitalization Bonds and Inter-bank exposures will not be taken into account for
the purpose of priority sector lending targets/sub-targets.
Subordinate Debt is a debt owed to an unsecured creditor that in the event of
liquidation can only be paid after the claims of secured creditors have been met.
Normally, subordinate debt ranks below other secured loans with regard to claims on
assets or earnings.