Principles for Sound Liquidity Risk Management:
After the global financial crisis, in recognition of the need for banks to improve their liquidity risk
management, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) published “Principles for Sound
Liquidity Risk Management and Supervision” in September 2008. The broad principles for sound liquidity
risk management by banks as envisaged by BCBS are as under:
Fundamental principle for the management and supervision of liquidity risk
Principle 1 A bank is responsible for the sound management of liquidity risk. A bank should
establish a robust liquidity risk management framework that ensures it maintains
sufficient liquidity, including a cushion of unencumbered, high quality liquid assets, to
withstand a range of stress events, including those involving the loss or impairment of
both unsecured and secured funding sources. Supervisors should assess the
adequacy of both a bank’s liquidity risk management framework and its liquidity
position and should take prompt action if a bank is deficient in either area in order to
protect depositors and to limit potential damage to the financial system. Governance of liquidity risk management
Principle 2 A bank should clearly articulate a liquidity risk tolerance that is appropriate for its
business strategy and its role in the financial system. Principle 3 Senior management should develop a strategy, policies and practices to manage
liquidity risk in accordance with the risk tolerance and to ensure that the bank
maintains sufficient liquidity. Senior management should continuously review
information on the bank’s liquidity developments and report to the board of directors
on a regular basis. A bank’s board of directors should review and approve the
strategy, policies and practices related to the management of liquidity at least annually
and ensure that senior management manages liquidity risk effectively. Principle 4 A bank should incorporate liquidity costs, benefits and risks in the internal pricing, performance measurement and new product approval process for all significant
business activities (both on- and off-balance sheet), thereby aligning the risk-taking
incentives of individual business lines with the liquidity risk exposures their activities
create for the bank as a whole. Measurement and management of liquidity risk
Principle 5 A bank should have a sound process for identifying, measuring, monitoring and
controlling liquidity risk. This process should include a robust framework for
comprehensively projecting cash flows arising from assets, liabilities and off-balance
sheet items over an appropriate set of time horizons. Principle 6 A bank should actively monitor and control liquidity risk exposures and funding needs
within and across legal entities, business lines and currencies, taking into account
legal, regulatory and operational limitations to the transferability of liquidity. Principle 7 A bank should establish a funding strategy that provides effective diversification in the
sources and tenor of funding. It should maintain an ongoing presence in its chosen
funding markets and strong relationships with funds providers to promote effective
diversification of funding sources. A bank should regularly gauge its capacity to raise
funds quickly from each source. It should identify the main factors that affect its ability
to raise funds and monitor those factors closely to ensure that estimates of fund
raising capacity remain valid. Principle 8 A bank should actively manage its intraday liquidity positions and risks to meet
payment and settlement obligations on a timely basis under both normal and stressed
conditions and thus contribute to the smooth functioning of payment and settlement
systems. Principle 9 A bank should actively manage its collateral positions, differentiating between
encumbered and unencumbered assets. A bank should monitor the legal entity and
physical location where collateral is held and how it may be mobilised in a timely
manner. Principle 10 A bank should conduct stress tests on a regular basis for a variety of short-term and
protracted institution-specific and market-wide stress scenarios (individually and in
combination) to identify sources of potential liquidity strain and to ensure that current
exposures remain in accordance with a bank’s established liquidity risk tolerance. A
bank should use stress test outcomes to adjust its liquidity risk management
strategies, policies, and positions and to develop effective contingency plans. Principle 11 A bank should have a formal contingency funding plan (CFP) that clearly sets out the
strategies for addressing liquidity shortfalls in emergency situations. A CFP should
outline policies to manage a range of stress environments, establish clear lines of
responsibility, include clear invocation and escalation procedures and be regularly
tested and updated to ensure that it is operationally robust. Principle 12 A bank should maintain a cushion of unencumbered, high quality liquid assets to be
held as insurance against a range of liquidity stress scenarios, including those that
involve the loss or impairment of unsecured and typically available secured funding
sources. There should be no legal, regulatory or operational impediment to using
these assets to obtain funding. Public disclosure
Principle 13 A bank should publicly disclose information on a regular basis that enables market
participants to make an informed judgment about the soundness of its liquidity risk
management framework and liquidity position. Thus, a sound liquidity risk management system would envisage that:
i) A bank should establish a robust liquidity risk management framework.
ii) The Board of Directors (BoD) of a bank should be responsible for sound management of liquidity risk
and should clearly articulate a liquidity risk tolerance appropriate for its business strategy and its role in
the financial system.
iii) The BoD should develop strategy, policies and practices to manage liquidity risk in accordance with
the risk tolerance and ensure that the bank maintains sufficient liquidity. The BoD should review the
strategy, policies and practices at least annually.
iv) Top management/ALCO should continuously review information on bank’s liquidity developments and
report to the BoD on a regular basis. v) A bank should have a sound process for identifying, measuring, monitoring and controlling liquidity risk,
including a robust framework for comprehensively projecting cash flows arising from assets, liabilities and
off-balance sheet items over an appropriate time horizon. vi) A bank’s liquidity management process should be sufficient to meet its funding needs and cover both
expected and unexpected deviations from normal operations. vii) A bank should incorporate liquidity costs, benefits and risks in internal pricing, performance
measurement and new product approval process for all significant business activities. viii) A bank should actively monitor and manage liquidity risk exposure and funding needs within and
across legal entities, business lines and currencies, taking into account legal, regulatory and operational
limitations to transferability of liquidity.
ix) A bank should establish a funding strategy that provides effective diversification in the source and
tenor of funding, and maintain ongoing presence in its chosen funding markets and counterparties, and
address inhibiting factors in this regard. x) Senior management should ensure that market access is being actively managed, monitored, and
tested by the appropriate staff. xi) A bank should identify alternate sources of funding that strengthen its capacity to withstand a variety of
severe bank specific and market-wide liquidity shocks. xii) A bank should actively manage its intra-day liquidity positions and risks. xiii) A bank should actively manage its collateral positions. xiv) A bank should conduct stress tests on a regular basis for short-term and protracted institution-specific
and market-wide stress scenarios and use stress test outcomes to adjust its liquidity risk management
strategies, policies and position and develop effective contingency plans. xv) Senior management of banks should monitor for potential liquidity stress events by using early
warning indicators and event triggers. Early warning signals may include, but are not limited to, negative
publicity concerning an asset class owned by the bank, increased potential for deterioration in the bank’s
financial condition, widening debt or credit default swap spreads, and increased concerns over the
funding of off- balance sheet items. xvi) To mitigate the potential for reputation contagion, a bank should have a system of effective
communication with counterparties, credit rating agencies, and other stakeholders when liquidity
problems arise. xvii) A bank should have a formal contingency funding plan (CFP) that clearly sets out the strategies for
addressing liquidity shortfalls in emergency situations. A CFP should delineate policies to manage a
range of stress environments, establish clear lines of responsibility, and articulate clear implementation
and escalation procedures. xviii) A bank should maintain a cushion of unencumbered, high quality liquid assets to be held as
insurance against a range of liquidity stress scenarios. xix) A bank should publicly disclose its liquidity information on a regular basis that enables market
participants to make an informed judgment about the soundness of its liquidity risk management
framework and liquidity position. 5. Governance of Liquidity Risk Management:
The Reserve Bank had issued guidelines on Asset Liability Management (ALM) system, covering inter
alia liquidity risk management system, in February 1999 and October 2007. Successful implementation of
any risk management process has to emanate from the top management in the bank with the
demonstration of its strong commitment to integrate basic operations and strategic decision making with
risk management. Ideally, the organisational set up for liquidity risk management should be as under:
A. The Board of Directors (BoD):
The BoD should have the overall responsibility for management of liquidity risk. The Board should decide
the strategy, policies and procedures of the bank to manage liquidity risk in accordance with the liquidity
risk tolerance/limits as detailed in paragraph 14. The risk tolerance should be clearly understood at all
levels of management. The Board should also ensure that it understands the nature of the liquidity risk of
the bank including liquidity risk profile of all branches, subsidiaries and associates (both domestic and
overseas), periodically reviews information necessary to maintain this understanding, establishes
executive-level lines of authority and responsibility for managing the bank’s liquidity risk, enforces
management’s duties to identify, measure, monitor, and manage liquidity risk and formulates/reviews the
contingent funding plan. B. The Risk Management Committee:
The Risk Management Committee, which reports to the Board, consisting of Chief Executive Officer
(CEO)/Chairman and Managing Director (CMD) and heads of credit, market and operational risk
management committee should be responsible for evaluating the overall risks faced by the bank including
liquidity risk. The potential interaction of liquidity risk with other risks should also be included in the risks
addressed by the risk management committee. C. The Asset-Liability Management Committee (ALCO):
The Asset-Liability Management Committee (ALCO) consisting of the bank’s top management should be
responsible for ensuring adherence to the risk tolerance/limits set by the Board as well as implementing
the liquidity risk management strategy of the bank in line with bank’s decided risk management objectives
and risk tolerance. D. The Asset Liability Management (ALM) Support Group:
The ALM Support Group consisting of operating staff should be responsible for analysing, monitoring and
reporting the liquidity risk profile to the ALCO. The group should also prepare forecasts (simulations)
showing the effect of various possible changes in market conditions on the bank’s liquidity position and
recommend action needed to be taken to maintain the liquidity position/adhere to bank’s internal limits. 6. Liquidity Risk Management Policy, Strategies and Practices:
The first step towards liquidity management is to put in place an effective liquidity risk management policy, which inter alia, should spell out the liquidity risk tolerance, funding strategies, prudential limits, system for
measuring, assessing and reporting / reviewing liquidity, framework for stress testing, liquidity planning
under alternative scenarios/formal contingent funding plan, nature and frequency of management
reporting, periodical review of assumptions used in liquidity projection, etc. The policy should also
address liquidity separately for individual currencies, legal entities like subsidiaries, joint ventures and
associates, and business lines, when appropriate and material, and should place limits on transfer of
liquidity keeping in view the regulatory, legal and operational constraints. The BoD or its delegated committee of board members should oversee the establishment and approval of
policies, strategies and procedures to manage liquidity risk, and review them at least annually. 6.1 Liquidity Risk Tolerance:
Banks should have an explicit liquidity risk tolerance set by the Board of Directors. The risk tolerance
should define the level of liquidity risk that the bank is willing to assume, and should reflect the bank’s
financial condition and funding capacity. The tolerance should ensure that the bank manages its liquidity
in normal times in such a way that it is able to withstand a prolonged period of, both institution specific
and market wide stress events. The risk tolerance articulation by a bank should be explicit, comprehensive and appropriate as per its complexity, business mix, liquidity risk profile and systemic
significance. They may also be subject to sensitivity analysis. The risk tolerance could be specified by
way of fixing the tolerance levels for various maturities under flow approach depending upon the bank’s
liquidity risk profile as also for various ratios under stock approach. Risk tolerance may also be expressed
in terms of minimum survival horizons (without Central Bank or Government intervention) under a range
of severe but plausible stress scenarios, chosen to reflect the particular vulnerabilities of the bank. The
key assumptions may be subject to a periodic review by the Board. 6.2 Strategy for Managing Liquidity Risk:
The strategy for managing liquidity risk should be appropriate for the nature, scale and complexity of a
bank’s activities. In formulating the strategy, banks/banking groups should take into consideration its legal
structures, key business lines, the breadth and diversity of markets, products, jurisdictions in which they
operate and home and host country regulatory requirements, etc. Strategies should identify primary
sources of funding for meeting daily operating cash outflows, as well as expected and unexpected cash
flow fluctuations. 7. Management of Liquidity Risk:
A bank should have a sound process for identifying, measuring, monitoring and mitigating liquidity risk as
enumerated below:
8.1 Identification:
A bank should define and identify the liquidity risk to which it is exposed for each major on and off- balance sheet position, including the effect of embedded options and other contingent exposures that
may affect the bank’s sources and uses of funds and for all currencies in which a bank is active. 8.2 Measurement of Liquidity Risk:
There are two simple ways of measuring liquidity; one is the stock approach and the other, flow approach. The stock approach is the first step in evaluating liquidity. Under this method, certain ratios, like liquid
assets to short term total liabilities, purchased funds to total assets, core deposits to total assets, loan to
deposit ratio, etc. are calculated and compared to the benchmarks that a bank has set for itself. While the
stock approach helps up in looking at liquidity from one angle, it does not reveal the intrinsic liquidity
profile of a bank. The flow approach, on the other hand, forecasts liquidity at different points of time. It looks at the liquidity
requirements of today, tomorrow, the day thereafter, in the next seven to 14 days and so on. The maturity
ladder, thus, constructed helps in tracking the cash flow mismatches over a series of specified time
periods. The liquidity controls, apart from being fixed maturity-bucket wise, should also encompass
maximum cumulative mismatches across the various time bands. 8. Ratios in respect of Liquidity Risk Management:
Certain critical ratios in respect of liquidity risk management and their significance for banks are given
below. Banks may monitor these ratios by putting in place an internally defined limit approved by the
Board for these ratios. The industry averages for these ratios are given for information of banks. They
may fix their own limits, based on their liquidity risk management capabilities, experience and profile. The
stock ratios are meant for monitoring the liquidity risk at the solo bank level. Banks may also apply these
ratios for monitoring liquidity risk in major currencies, viz. US Dollar, Pound Sterling, Euro and Japanese
Yen at the solo bank level.
No. Average
(in %)
1. (Volatile liabilities – Temporary Assets)
/(Earning Assets – Temporary Assets)
Measures the extent to which volatile money supports
bank’s basic earning assets. Since the numerator
represents short-term, interest sensitive funds, a high
and positive number implies some risk of illiquidity. 40
2. Core deposits/Total Assets Measures the extent to which assets are funded
through stable deposit base. 50
3. (Loans + mandatory SLR +
mandatory CRR + Fixed
Assets)/Total Assets
Loans including mandatory cash reserves and
statutory liquidity investments are least liquid and
hence a high ratio signifies the degree of ‘illiquidity’ embedded in the balance sheet. 80
4. (Loans + mandatory SLR +
mandatory CRR + Fixed
Assets) / Core Deposits
Measure the extent to which illiquid assets are
financed out of core deposits. 150
5. Temporary Assets/Total
Assets
Measures the extent of available liquid assets. A
higher ratio could impinge on the asset utilisation of
banking system in terms of opportunity cost of holding
liquidity. 40
6. Temporary Assets/ Volatile
Liabilities
Measures the cover of liquid investments relative to
volatile liabilities. A ratio of less than 1 indicates the
possibility of a liquidity problem. 60
7. Volatile Liabilities/Total
Assets
Measures the extent to which volatile liabilities fund the
balance sheet. 60
Volatile Liabilities: (Deposits + borrowings and bills payable up to 1 year). Letters of credit – full
outstanding. Component-wise CCF of other contingent credit and commitments. Swap funds (buy/ sell)
up to one year. Current deposits (CA) and Savings deposits (SA) i.e. (CASA) deposits reported by the
banks as payable within one year (as reported in structural liquidity statement) are included under volatile
liabilities. Borrowings include from RBI, call, other institutions and refinance. Temporary assets =Cash + Excess CRR balances with RBI + Balances with banks + Bills
purchased/discounted up to 1 year + Investments up to one year + Swap funds (sell/ buy) up to one year. Earning Assets = Total assets – (Fixed assets + Balances in current accounts with other banks + Other
assets excluding leasing + Intangible assets)
Core deposits = All deposits (including CASA) above 1 year (as reported in structural liquidity
statement)+ net worth
The above stock ratios are only illustrative and banks could also use other measures / ratios. For
example to identify unstable liabilities and liquid asset coverage ratios banks may include ratios of
wholesale funding to total liabilities, potentially volatile retail (e.g. high cost or out of market) deposits to
total deposits, and other liability dependency measures, such as short term borrowings
