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Most important topic forever useful::

Individual Elements of Balance Sheet
and Their Analysis:::

Liabilities
 Current Liabilities
 Term Liabilities
 Debentures
 Public Deposits
 Capital
 Reserves (including
Revaluation reserve)

Assets
 Current Assets
 ICDs/Loans
 Fixed Assets
 Capital Work-in-
Progress
 Investments
 Other Non-Current
Assets
 Fictitious & Intangible
Assets

Current Liabilities
 Current liabilities are the liabilities, including bank
borrowings, which are payable within next 12 months.
Thus, the following items are treated as current
liabilities:
 Sundry creditors for raw material supplies and other
expenses
 Advance payment received
 Dividend payable
 Instalments of term loans/deposits/DPGs/debentures
due within one year
 Any other liability which will fall due in next 12 months

Term Liabilities
 Term liabilities include loans taken from
banks or Financial Institutions for long-term
usage, which are repayable over a longer
time period. While instalment payable in next
12 months is classified as current liabilities,
the remaining instalment amount that is due
for payment after a year is classified as term
liabilities.

Debentures
 The features of debentures are:
 They are essentially in the nature of loans - much like
long-term loans granted by banks / financial
Institutions
 Companies raise them from general public and
institutions, to be repaid within a specific time frame
 Companies pay interest at a specified rate to
debenture holders from whom they raise debentures,
till they repay the principal sum
 They come in the form of certificates issued by a
company under its common seal, which is also an
acknowledgement of the company's indebtedness to
the debenture holder

Public Deposits'
 Care to be Exercised by Lending Banker
Should take care, particularly, in cases where
the company has defaulted in repaying such
public deposits
 May treat all such public deposits which have
become due for repayment, and the portion of
small investments (regardless of the age of
such deposits), as current liability

Capital
 Capital of a business enterprise is an item of
liability by virtue of:
 The entity concept used in the preparation of
financial statements, which treats capital as a
liability.
 The principles of accountancy, according to
which the enterprise owes this sum to the
owner(s) and therefore carries a liability to
pay back the capital fund with or without any
profit earned on it

Reserves
 A Reserve
 Consists of the portion of the earnings and
receipts.
 Does not serve as a provision against a
known liability or any diminution in the value
of fixed assets (i.e. accumulated depreciation)
etc., in contradistinction to Reserves which is
part of net worth of the company

Surplus
 A Surplus
 Represents credit balance in the profit and
loss account, after the dividend and reserves
etc. are provided for, appropriated or
transferred.

Assets - Current Assets
 Current assets are those assets, which: Are expected
to be converted into cash e.g. raw material, stock-in-
process, finished goods etc. in next 12 months, and
Pertain to the company's main activity
 However, in respect of receivables, the treatment is
different. Receivables are treated:
 As current assets only for a period of 6 months
 As non-current assets, if they are more than 6
months old

Fixed Assets
Fixed assets are the assets:A credit analyst
should:
 Held for use in production or providing goods,
services etc. over a long period of time
 Not meant for sale in the normal course of
business
 That are producers of merchandise and not
merchandise themselves

Assets - Investments
 Investments made by a company, appearing in the
balance sheet of a company:
 Is a very important item, appearing in the assets side,
from the point of view of a credit analyst
 Normally indicates deployment of funds in securities
or assets, which may not be directly related to the
main activities of the companyMay refer to the
surplus funds of enterprises, which they decided to
invest in short-term securities for earning profit/short-
term gainsMay also refer to, funds invested in the
shares/securities of another enterprise in which the
investor company is interested on a long-term basis.
E.g.: Investment made in subsidiaries.

Assets - Other Non-Current Assets
 Other non-current assets include:
 Advances to suppliers of capital goods (plant,
machinery etc.)
 Deferred receivables (maturity after 1 year)
 Receivables more than 6 months old
 Non-consumable stores and spares
 Dues from directors et

Assets - Fictitious & Intangible
Assets
 Fictitious Assets
 Companies incur certain expenses, which are
not charged to the profit & loss account either
fully or in part during the same year in which
they are incurred. These expenses figure on
the asset side of a balance sheet, as though
they are real assets. Such assets are known
as fictitious assets.

Assets - Fictitious & Intangible
Assets
 Intangible Assets
 Assets that may not represent any real or
tangible asset are called as intangible
assets.Intangible assets represent monetary
values of different rights enjoyed by the
business enterprise, and are therefore
considered as assets. This category of items
include goodwill, patents, copyrights,
trademark rights etc. that appear on the asset
side of a balance sheet.