Saturday, 11 June 2022

Single link for JAIIB Recollected

 Jaiib Legal Recollected: 2018 May

Lc se question tha
Lok adalat
Ni
Indemnity
Gurantee
Collecting banker
Awards under banking ombundsman
5 questions from FEMA
Limitations act lot of 2 marks
Bailee bailor pledge mortgage
Mortgage 3-4 question English n equitable
Paid up capital
Securities questions
Saffaesi 2-4 questions
Lok adalat 3 questions
Ultra vires questions
Equity mortgage questions
Collecting bank 2 questions

JAIIB LEGAL RECOLLECTED:: Most important Previous years questions
1. Section on which partners are defined
2. Tenure of director of banking company
3. Preservation of records
4. Maximum share in company related one question
5. Question to the condition on which depositor has to deposit-25% amount
6. Who has power to inspect bank-rbi officer, state officer,police officer, custom officer
7. Bfs-one director nominated by
8. Central government power in banking
9. Term loan given and default occurs-limitation period-3 years
10. A issued a check with amount 300 and left space in both side i.e. in words as well as
figure. Some employee forged it to 3300 unknowingly and sign style was little different
but it was cleared-who should be responsible
11. Question related to responsibility of collecting banker
12. A cheque is a drawn on some bank what collecting bank should do
13. Check crossing related one question
14. Liability of paying banker
15. There is one partnership firm ABC. With operation E/S upto the limit of 5000. A
draws cheque to B for 4553. B transfers it to his account…then who is liable wand what
is the role of bank here
16. A minor shares profit of the firm does he will be have liability with the firm if
something went wrong
17. An OD facility is given the customer he but he has drawn beyond his limits and also
many cheques have been returned-what a bank should do?
18. To which type of company there is restriction on transfer of share-private company
19. Main objective and other objective are mentioned in-MOA
20. Question based on types non fund based credit facility21. No of parties in indeminity-2
22. A lost FD and asking bank to reissue duplicate bank issues it- what is the role of A
here?-indemnifier
23. Right of indemnity holder related one question
24. Types of bank guarantee based one question
25. Liability of a bank to honor BG
26. What does negotiating bank does?
27. Question related to with recourse and without recourse lc
28. DPG-deffered payment guarantee based question
29. One case study was given with relation to simple mortgage and equitable mortgageratio
of share on default was asked
30. Types of mortgage with examples, gold loan, car lone, home loan, lic policy arrange
it
31. What is fixed charge
32. Registration of charge-central registry
33. Banking ombudsman:
a. Matters where complain ts can be made
b. If not satisfied with BO then to whom w e should approach
34. Effects of non-registered company
35. DRT AND DRAT based question:
a. who is higher authority of drat
b. power to modify drt-central go vt
c. case related where only it can be handled by DRT
d. Property is somewhere loan is taken from another place where drt has to be
approached?
36. SARFAESI ACT based question:
a. Validity
b. Security interest
c. Security receipts
d. Cancellation of re gistration of SRC
e. Powers and its applicability , enfor cement of security interest
37. A guarantees OD for his son that it will be paid- which type of financing it is?
38. Bankers book evidence-prima facie related question
39. Consumer complaints
40. Who is the head of state consumer protection council-minister in charge of the
consumer affair?
41. Question related to tds and TAN NUMBER
42. CONDITION of contract
43. Liability of surety
44. Bailment of goods
45. Right of unpaid seller
46. Rti applicability area
47. Supply bills related 2-3 questions
a. It is related to whom
b. To whom it should be financed- 2 marks
48. Hypothication
49. Pledge
50. Mortgage
51. Charge
52. Contract of sale
53. Minor account
54. Question from FEMA
55. Reverse mortgage
56. Fees of RTI
57. Term of director of bank
58. Who is regulatory authority of DRT
59. Security receipt
60. Floating charges/Fixed charge
1. Members of public and private company - Public - Min-7, Max-No Restriction. Private -
Min-2, Max-200
2. No. Of directors in public and private company - Public - 3 to 15, Private - 2 to 15
3. Interest payable by RBI on CRR - 0 %
4. Pledge hypothetican
5. What is equitabe mortgage
6. NI Act
7. RTI
8. Questions based on limitation period
9. Diff b/w partenership and company
10. Questions on mortgage and cheque
11. Heads of object of memorandum of association
12. Related equitable mortgage
13. BR act
14. Partnership accounts
15. Person appeal to drt after receiving reply from sc with in period of
16. payment and settlement system regulated by
17. About mortgage types 4 questions
18. FEMA deals with transactions of
19. Bailment & pleadge
20. Equitable morgatge
21. Lc
22. Deferred payment guarantee
23. Limitation
24. In how many days TDS file to gov
25. For cancel of lease or rent how many month notice?
1. Section 131
2. Actionable claim
3. Which one is NI
4. Equitable mortgage
5. Mortgage deed is necessary foe which mortgage
6. Which LC is called anticipatory credit
7. Members and directors of pvt and public company (2questions)
8. Which is not a company classified under liability category
9. With what memo a cheque should be returned if collected by one bank and presented
by other bank
10. When a partnership will dissolve
11. Demand notice period under SARFAESI-ACT
12. DRT is applicable for : SBI, nationalised, RRB, all
13. DRT
14. Bank Guarantees
15. Many questions on mortgages
16. Income tax act
17. Preference shares
18. LC
19. Bill of exchange
20. Agreement
21. Hypothecation
1. Clatons rule
2. Minimum directors-3&2
3 Around 8 qtns from mortgage. like english, equitable, act for mortgage etc.
4. 4 qtns from MOA & AOA of company
5. Doctine of constructive
6. Diff. partnership and company
7. Indemnity-loss of fdr
8. Hypothication
9. Ddiff. pledge and lien
10. Consumer complaint act-complainant
11. Credit card award-1 lakh
12. Common seal
13. Green letter of credit
14. Negotiating bank
15. Surity is -secondary
16. Deffered guaranty
17. DRAT head post
18. Chq alteration not visible to naked eyes bank not liable
19. SARFAESI Act apeal to drt in how many days 45
20. LC credit related question credit allow something like that ans green lc
21. BO related complain how many days to dispose by BO.
22. RTI how many days to required by the PIO to settle the information.
23. Not registerd partnership firm related question can sue or not.
24. Min No of director in public and private
25. Arbitrage
Under which section of income tax donations come? - 80G of the Income Tax Act
Min and max no of member in private companies - 2 & 200
No. of members in public limited co (Min & Max) - 7 & unlimited
Banking ombudsman applicable - in whole india
Indemnity which type of liability? - Contingent.
Who can rectify the clerical or arithmetical errors in order passed by DRT? - Presiding
officer
Which income doesn't come under service tax? - Interest income
Within how many days can a consumer file complaint if he is not satisfied with the
service? - 30 Days
Which is the negotiating bank in case of LC? - Exportrs country bank
Relationship between bank n customer in case of pledge - pawnor-pawnee'
Debt recovery tribunal established by - Government of India under an Act of Parliament
(Act 51 of 1993)
How many types of LC ? - 8
Jurisdiction of appellate tribunal - The Central Government is also empowered to decide
and specify the areas within which the tribunal may exercise jurisdiction for entertaining
and deciding the applications filed before it.
DRT applicable - Above 10 Lakhs
DRT is controlled by - Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act
(RDDBFI Act), 1993
RTI is not applicable to - J&K
UCPDC 600 is in respect of - Letters of credit
Pay as you earn is a...... tax - is a withholding tax on income payments to employees
20% profits should maintain with rbi - NBFC
NI act application - Whole India
Cersai time limit - within 30 days of creation of mortgage
Bills payable on demand are - paid when the payee asks for it.
Term of every member in national commission - 5 years or up to the age of seventy
years, which ever is earlie
A securitization company carries out the function of - Acquisition of financial asset from
the originator
Limitation period of for takng immovable property under sarfaesi? - 12 Years
Amount of TDS should be submitted before how many days? - 7th of the next month
Number of directors of private company? - 2 to 15 (Min & Max)
Casual vacancies of directors can be filled by? - the Board of Directors at a meeting of
the Board
Collecting bank will get safety under NI act for what - Forged sign of endroser
Which is not consider as NI - Share
Tax dedcuted from salary has to be payed as on - Monthly basis
Limitation perod for foreclosure is - 30 Years
Llimitation perod for possession of immovable property is - 12 years
Banking regulation act 1949 - Regulates banking
Banking ombudsman 4 questions
DRT appllete is headed by ........appointed by central govt.
LC 3 questions case study 1
Advising banking is called......
Whether advising bank is to take part in liability of LC
Macmillan book back questions 5-6 - Average 3-5 questions coming
Key used to create digital signature.....Private key
RTI Act .....Getting info from.....Public authorities
Exemption of RTI Act
Bankers book evidence 2 questions one from Macmillan book
How much we have to pay to get copy from the abovesaid paper n copies...
Sarfaesi 3-4 questions out of one case study....
What type of charge in case of goods under manufacturing.....
Under pledge unlike mortgage....Some differences were given in the options
N deposit in bank Z with branch manager C .L is the introducer of N.N got LOD from
that bank.Who has lended to whom?
R has shares in limited company.R dies what will happen to shares.....?
In case of safe deposit vault, customer is called as....
X a customer lost the TDR and bank gave duplicate receipt receiving indemnity from
X.Here who is indemnified to whom?
Parties in a contract......
Bank guarantee 2 questions...
What is reverse mortgage
Tenure of banking ombudsman
Fee require for RTI
Mode of accepting complain by banking ombudsman
One question on arranging orders for different type of mortgage
One question on arranging orders for different type of charges
Limitations period will be extended,-on credits to ac
Material alteration of cheque without authentiaction of bearer
Bank buy a cheque from A and give advance but cheque got returned-from whom bank
will recover
A presented a cheque for clearing and went abroad, cheque got returned for financial
reason after I year. A returned and found no credit in his account and bank lost the
cheque- responsibility of bank and customer
Lmitaton period of of account
Lok adalat is conducted by....
No. of max members in pvt company - 200
........................................
Pawnor pawnee
The bailment of goods as security for payment of a debt or performance of a promise is
called "pledge". The bailor is in this case called the "pawnor". The bailee is called the
"pawnee".
............... .........................
Min deposit to appeal to DRAT - 50000
........................................
Min and max directors in public limited co -
........................................
Complaints can lodge to banking ombudsman through - Authorised Representative
........................................
Safe custody of articles.. Bailment
........................................
Clubs n societies r registered under - either under the Companies Act, 1956 or under the
Societies Registration Act or the Co-operative Societies Act
........................................
Sale notice period ie. 30 days
........................................
Authorized officer of public sector bank min designation.. Chief manager
........................................
Jurisdiction of filing suit - at place of mortgaged property situated
1.Deffered credit
2.minimum and maximum members in private company..
3.accalaration.
4.equity mortgage..
5.demand biill also called as sight bill.
6.presiding officer tunere...
7.relationship in safe locker ..bank customer.
8.relatioanaship in loan on FD..
9.pladge..
10..origanater.
11.about drt
12.3days for book evidence..
Under how many phases is cases of sarfaesi settled under civil courts?
EM is required to be done in specified town of property
Payment to minor
Right of member in a company
Fund based non fund based
Metropolitan Magistrate
Endorsement in cheque
Advantages of corporate form of enterprises
To whom the assignment notice send in case of loan taking against insurance policy
Lok adalat max compensation?
Banking ombudsman
Title deed not required to be deposited in whch type of mortgage?
Mortgage-transfer of property act
Sale of goods act
partnership
Huf law
Safe deposit locker
FEMA
3 - 4 case studies on protection to collecting banker and paying banker
Appointment of banking ombudsman , regulation of tenure of banking ombudsman
Minimum and maximum number of members in private company
2-3 questions from MoA and AoA
Object is described in MOA /AOA
Difference between partnership and company..
If a director in company wants get member of another company what needs to effect in
both companies article of Asso.
For how many years a banking company use non banking assets- 10, 11,12 or 15 years
Mutual fund transaction which kind of account in dealing foreign transaction.
RTI act not applicable which of the following
Renounce sport board
Cabinet ministry
AD bills
Floating charge
Fixed change
If a customer deposit an order cheque to A bank and A bank put a collection stamp on it
but customer take the cheque and deposit to B bank but B bank return the cheque.What
The B bank site the return reason
National commission tenure
What is the conversion?
HUF created by
Who pays money to beneficiary in LC
Appeal days in DRT
............................. ...........
E filing system in charge registration
........................................
Contract two to three questions
........................................
SARFAESI act applicability
...................................... ..
DRT Applicability
......................... ...............
Banking omb
..................... ...................
According to tax lawas income definition
........................................
Major powers of RBI
.............................. ..........
Rti act
........... .............................
Law of limited for foreclosure of mortgage
........................................
What is called judgment of Banking ombdsuman is.Award
........................................
Indemnity
security or protection against a loss or other financial burden.
security against or exemption from legal responsibility for one's actions.
........................................
Deferred payment guarantees

JAIIB PAPER 1 PPB RECOLLECTED QUESTIONS:: Very important …..
BCSBI is framed as per?
Difference between mandate or POA
Loan against shares and debentures in demat and physical form
Half duplex
CBS networking
Stages of money laundering
Cyber banking
4p of marketing
Front end processor
Dumb computer
Lic assignment
Hypothecation
Lien is implied pledge
2 Q on NPA
Death case of a partner in chq
Match pair in bank customer relation
Bank guarantee
MSME
Education loan
Daily limit of mobile banking transaction
CPU consists of
Bima yojna
Sarfaesi act
Currency issue by rbi
Problem on L C.
National payment corporation of India set up by?
Crop loan interest subvention rate? Upto which amount?
Soiled notes incentive per packet?
Safe custody relationship banker and customer?
MCLR
Education loan covered under Priority sector upto limit
Credit gurantee for education loan upto what amount
CGTSME Limit
Validity of agricultural loan
NRE NRO questions
NPCI
Multi brand
Sericulture
Gorpher related qustion
eKYC
KCC loan related qustion
Which of these control LAN traffic : Central Node, Firewall, Hub, Repeater
Validity of dpn in loan documents?
SLR
RBI has share of - central or state govt?
Market stabilisation scheme related to -sebi or RBI?
Does bank charge anything for activation of dormant charges?
What is kite flying in banking?
Minimum days for fixed deposits?
Provisioning norms for sub standard assets?
Which is a process of disaster recovery? prevention monitoring recovery or testing?
Bank should not sanction to a loan until 5 yr?
If it is in RBI defaulter list or bank declares wilfu l defaulter.
CIC can display name if loan os is 25 lakh and above? If account is doubtful or loss.
. Rbi prepare it's monetary policy with- finance minister,dy governor,ED,governor
. KCC is for -short term crop production
To buy pumpset, to meet consumption pu rposes.
Rule of Clayton's applicable in
Right to set-off or bank general lie n,particular lien.
Decline stage where-sale is stagnat and cost is fixed.
Mortgage where mortgagee promise to return if paid due amount-conditional
mortgage
Why people will prefer bank- acc to service or location
Which doesn't include in 4c-customers choice.
What improve product marketing-packaging,perishability.
A and B has former or survivor ac. A dies.legal heir of a claim.who will receive.
Basel 3 should have how many %risk weight age.-4.5%
How much % need for pan for agril advance?10%of anbc of off balance sheet items.
Directors of public company
Types of company
Doctrine of ultra vires
Punishment in money laundering
Sarfeasi act
Banking ombudsmen
Partnership
Min and max no. Of members in private company
Basel
Minor account
Lost DD which doc obtained?
Urban co op bank regultd by
Demutualisation
NSE charge
KYC
Prime minister atal pension yojana
How loan in KCC get NPA - Not paid after 2 crop session in short term. 1crop session in
long term crop session.
Cheque truncation
Payment bank
Robert lanterborns 4p & 4 cs
High attrition rate
MTC Basel III
Clayton's rule
Provisioning in prio sector
Types of mutual funds
Types of LC
Network topology
Marketing mix
Purpose of marketing and pricing
Provision for standard loan sanctioned under SME
Right to Set off
Appointment
Lien and charge
Jandhan
Minimum qualification for agri clinics
Is export credit part of priority sector
Is bill of landing negotiable instrument
What is the ombudsman within banks called
Power of attorney questions
Relational information systems
How bank use social media
Pos limit per day
Oldest net in india
Horizental merzer
Government shares in rbi
Priorty sector advances in micro enterprises
Simplex transmission
IT risk in company
Land mark in electronic fund transfer
Function of cibil
LAN connection
White Label ATM
Which is not a type of topology
Setoff of the customer who is having bad debt of some amt n having credit balance in
his deposit account at different branch
but your bank is not yet CBS operated what step need to taken
RBI can stop a branch on voilation of ?
Kisan credit card are issued to farmers for
Payment bank and small bank
About CERSAI
Open market operation
Basel 3 norms
1. Relationship in Safe custody ...... Ans - Customer - Bailor & Bank - Bailee
2. NRLM replaced ...... Ans - Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) . The
scheme was succeeded by Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana on 25 September 2015.
3. Mortgage is defined in which act ...... Ans - Transfer of Property Act 1882
4. RBI Nationalised in which year ...... Ans - 1949
5. Area covered under LAN generally ...... Ans - 15 0 Meters
6. Banking services in the realm of Wealth management are best delivered through ......
Ans - Face to face transaction
7. A fraud committed by a larg e number of customers on bank would basically result in
...... Ans - Reputation risk
8. KYC procedure for open ing small account has been simplified for those person not
having an officially valid document, the balance at any time should not exceeds Rs.......
and Credit should not exceeding ...... Ans - 50000, 100000
9. In case of partnership one partner died then what will ha ppen in partnership? Ans -
Partnership firm dissolved
10. Function of RBI
11. Alliance and con tract
12. NPA Problem on prov isioning
13. Cr bal limit and transaction lim it for no frill accounts
14. Settlement of deposit for nominee
15. Half-Nest - Ans - Married with you ng children
16. Pillar - II - Ans - Supervisory Review Process
17. Basel - III
18. Question f rom Minor Account
19. Assessment of working capita l
20. Credit Monitoring
21. Agri Financing
22. Product Cycle
23. Marketing
23. SHG
24. Cred it Card
25. Off Balance Sheet items
26. Mutual Funds
27. NCPI
28. KYC N orms
29. Garnishee O rder
30. Banker's Lien
31. Right to set o ff
32. Priority Sector A dvances
33. MSME
34. CD iss ued by?
35. 4c's, 4p's matc h the following
36. Monetary policy by?
37. Banks doing insuran ce bussiness under which act? Insurance Regulatory and
Development Authority Act
38. Customer bank relation match the following?
39. SHG withdrawal must be signed by?
40. You have paid rs.40000 in business h ours for a customer. The account has balance
of 200000 remaining. U received garnishee order after business hours of Rs. 250000.
What would you do?
41. BG issued by you r bank. What is your bank?
42. NPCI Was introduced by?
43. Short term agriculture lon e becomes NPA for how much time? Ans - 2 crop season
44. Which is not comes under direct agriculture advance?
45. What is the first stage in new product development?
46. Mortgage is definitely need under which Act?
47. Write appropriate ans about RBI. Ans - RBI is started Apr 1. under RBI act
48. BASEL 2 consists of ?
49. What is the second st age In Kyc?
50. CC sanctioned based on Wt Proce dure.
51. If Banks not maintain min CRR requirem ent what is the penality?
52. What are the capital market instruments?
53. A bond which will issue below the face va lue? Ans - Discount bonds
54. What are the provisions for Doubtful assets 3? Ans - Secured - 40% , Unsecured -
100%
55. A & B are joins holder of FDR. If A died then what will happen to the FDR? Ans -
The surviving holder may claim the rights over deposit.
56. BANKNET uses which switching? Ans - Packet switic hing
57. Simplex transmission. Ans - Transmitting data only in on e direction
58. Mr A who is resident of outside India. His grand parents are Indians . Then A called
as ......
59. Rev olving LC
60. Once mortga ge created it has to register with whom?
61. Loan against term deposit on the name of minor
62. Paying bank protection of NI act..
63. How much loan sanction as educat ion loan of courses in India.
64. About marketing mix and 4p's total 3 questions


MOST IMPORTANT JAIIB AFB Recollected::

1. Preference share option related voting rights were given

2. Foreign exchange dollar hkd and rupees cross currency was asked in rs
3. Eosp when it is issued or employees has buy predermined rates
4. Depreciation wdv 2 questions and sum of years 1
5. Error of principle
6. Gold loan rules for sanctioning
7. Bond volatility
8. spot rate meaning
9. Value date
10. e-commerce is?
11. Computer software is developed by?
12. Cost of sales gross profit net profit
13. Reconciliation
14. Closing stock apear-trading and balance sheat
15. Contingent liability-bank garanty
16. AS 13 relates to investment
17. Medium risk-8 years
18. SHG- kyc not required of all member
19. Sinking fund formula same as - FV anuity
20. Prepaid exp-current liability
21. Depriciation 2 qtns from wdv method and one from wtd average method
22. Outstanding salary - personal act
23. Expenses and incomes - nominal act
24. Real a/c debited-what comes in
25. Statement record all ledger balance-trial balance
26. Small account credit in a year - 1 lakh
27. Govt Company - 51% share
28. Question on kyc
29. Saving ac interest calculation....
30. Question in cash book and pass book 
31. Long term Liabilities changes
32. Effect on assets
33. No question on SI, CI and EMI
34. Question from trial Balance
35. Real account, Personal account, Nominal account
36. 1 question is that Representative personal acc is 1
37. Question on wdv depreciation method
38. 2 marks question on foreign exchange rate
39. 1 question on ESOS
40. Floating rates are called ......
41. Back office may be situated in ......
42. Long term liabilities are payable after ......
43. High Financial Leverage means ......
44. Expenditure & Income reales to ......
45. Non Voting Shares
46. Double entry system means ......
47. Vaule date
48. Residual Value
49. YTM bond is ......
50. Spot
51. Call & Short Money
52. Credit & Debit Voucher
53. Chq clearing
54. Net profit value
55. Gross profit
56. Debt equity ratio
57. Issued shared
58. Banking manual
59. Question on cross currency rate 2 marks
60. Gross profit & net profit 2 marks
61. YTM 2 marks
62. Debit in real account refers to.....
63. KYC verification for shg group members....
64. CA cannot opened by....
65. Gross profit
66. Present value
67. Cash book passbook
68. Real nominal accounts
69. Fixed n floating rate
70. Call money notice money
71. Numerical Questions on gross profit, bond value, current yield, depreciation, present
value of some amount
72. Petty cash - 3question
73. Bank reconcile-2ques
74. 2 question from prepaid expenses
75. Main function of bank
76. Gross profit
77. Present annuity
78. Proprietorship firm
79. Meaning of holding company
80. Cash flow 55000, Useful Life 5 years, IRR 15%, Cost of capital 11%. Find NPV
81. What is consolidated voucher
82. Representative personal account
83. DE ratio owen fund current ratio total assets given n find the current asset
84. Sweat equity share
85. KYC - 2 questions
86. Salvage value in depreciation method 2 questions
87. Forex arithmetic 3ques's
88. Depreciation of machinery after 2 years written down value
89. kyc risks
90. STR report
91. Risk mgmt
92. BCSBI 1 question
93. Credit bal
94. Debit bal 2ques
95. Forfeiture of shares
96. Preference share

97. Dual concept
98. Accrual concept
99. Formula of depreciation
100. Sinking value 2 ques's
101. NPV VALUE OF Firm Calculation 2 Questions
102. Debt equity ratios...
103. Depreciations on fixed value...2-3ques...
104. Depreciation on straight line (residual value) ques...
105. Company having 51% share of another company...
106. Maximum limit of transaction in small (ovd )accounts in a year....
107. Current a/c cant be opened by....options were ...pardanashin women....minor
....blind...a ccompany..
108. Sweat equity shares...
109. GAAR full form...
110. Money market mutual funds are regulated by...
111. If a person transfer a/c frm one branch to another branch den required kyc???
112. Companiesare classified on the basis of...options were
...location...capital...managemnt...incorporation etc...
113. Bond value.....
114. Insurance premium for 45 days???
115. Typs of clerical errors.....
116. Periferal devices of computer...options were...keyboard windows..
117. A Suspesious Transion report where the report ( FIU-Ind)
118. Objective PMLA
119. When a minor open self operated account
120. Deleting Drawing 2 Questions debit or credit account
121. What is bond maturity value (YTM)
122. What is coupon rate
123. Prepaid expenses or outstanding account adjustment done or not
124. Samll account time
125. Rectification of error 4-5 Questions
126. Depreciation 4-5 Questions (3 Numerical)
127. Final Account 5-6 Questions
128. Foreign exchange 3 Questions all numerical
129. YTM 3 Questions
130. Education loan - 2 Question
131. Gold loan-1 Question
132. Consolidate voucher
133. Bank General ledger
134. Ratio 3 Question
135. How to improve current ratio
136. Inventory turnover ratio





Find cost of good sale if opening is80000; purchase is 120000;direct expense 5500;
indirect expense 4000 ;closing is9000
Bond par value is 100, market rate is 12% and 15% is .....find bond price
Ravi wants 500 at every quarter for 5 year , at the rate 10%.find initial deposite
When bond price is equal to Face value.
Interest paid in advance is a type of account
In which depreciation rate of interest is constant
Car purchase by a company is which type of expense
Auditor of a bank is appointed by
In cbs branch computer is connected to the server and all server are connected to main
data centre server
In India 1$=66.56-66.74and 1 euro=1.1456-1.1765$ then relation betwn rupee and
euro
Wages for installation of machine is debited wages acct is which type of error
Find closing balance if cost of goods sold ,puchase,indirect expense, opening balance is
given - For 1year, For 3years
A company deposited 5000at the beginning of the year to puchase amachinary for
20year at the rate 10% find present value of annuity
Schedule AS6 define
Which are the peripheral related to computer
Which of the work out sourced by bank - Ans loan recovery
Which work is not done at back office
Calculation of EMI
Calculation of interest on loan
E kyc is done at periodically to which type of customer
Why Ekyc is usefull
A loan is sanctioned and disbursed 100000 but after 1 year it shows outstanding of
101000. Than what is 1000
4 questions from identifying type of error
Gold loan eligibility
Bond face value one numerical pbm
Bank reconciliation statement given passbook balance and asked cash book balance and
viceversa-2numerical question and 2 case study type question in above
Cost sales netprofit numerical pbm
Given coupon rate,rate of interest and par value asked market price.
Accounting concepts AS29
Business entity,matching concept - give situation asked to find the type of concept
Benefits of CBS
Bill drawn by A on B endorsed it to c....After due date the entries are bills
receivable,noting charges-wat could have happened?
1. WDV Depreciation> 2problems
2. Who cannot open a Current a/c>minor, illiterate, blind or unregistered society
3. Balance sheet given. Calculate gross profit and net profit
4. Capital paid by shareholders >Paid up capital
5. Calculate PV and bond price>2 problems
6. Which is not true abou Company a/c
7. Cross currency problem
8. What is Spot
9. Due date of a bill from 29june(3months)
10. Suspicious transaction report to >FI UNIT
11. closing stock apear-trading and balance sheat
12. contingent liability-bank garanty
13. AS 13
14. medium risk-8 years
15. SHG- kyc not required of all member
16. sinking fund formula same as - FV anuity
17. Prepaid exp-current liability
18 depriciation 2 qtns from wdv method and one from wtd average method
19. outstanding salary - personal act
20. expenses and incomes - nominal act
21. real a/c debited-what comes in
22. statement record all ledger balance-trial balance
23. current yeild
24. bond value
25. mehod of accepting proposal-irr, npv,payback

Limited company pvt compny
account opening of huf
huf Kyc computerised a ccounting
simple interest que
wrongly credited de bited type question 3-4
Theoretical question on IRR and NPV
maximim 10 numericals 5 of 2 marks
2 marks numerical from ratio analysis
Depricition digit sum method numeric al
Acid test ratio=........... quick ratio
person who makes Promissory not e called - debtor (buyer)
gross profit, NPV numerical
related to cbs
according stan dards
capital or revenue ex penditure
earning per share theory quest ion
Dept turn over ratio problem
Bill receivable comes under a sset or liability
Under bills of exchange, which ac Dr.
Under bills of exchange, which ac Dr.
Sales and cost of goods sold gross pro fit
Foreign exchange and cross currency cal c
cross currency u have to add premiums an d sub discount
Composite voucher
Composition, redee mable, share preferential shares

1. Who prepared Bank Reconciliation Statement?
2. Who will bear the expenses charge creation?
3.cost of mationary is RS 12 lacs, scrap value is 0; useful life is 10 yrs; then find out the
book value for the 4th year.
4. P =10000; A= 11200; r=6℅ p.a then find out time?
5. Classification of ratios?
6. Credits = assets - ?
7. P= 10000 r= 8.5℅ pa compounded quarterly; T=4 yrs then find out A=?
8. Find out current yield on bond is RS 5000/- r = 12℅ pa and market value = 4500
9. Sweat equity shares will be given to ?
Document mgnrega card on identification on a/c opening.
Back office to be establised in ......
No of digits in Adhar, min no of persons in public ltd company
adhar card..bond value..irr.npv..com interest..cash book and passbook od..nominal act
real act ..expendture
balance sheet was given and profit was asked , how deaf is calculated, ytm npv,
bcsbi..kyc year..housing loan ...slm..and wdv method .interest differential..eroor
clerical...net profit ratio.5 qus on trial bal...
virus 1)affect hardware 2) is software 3) like virus of human 4) can not affect data - 2
Present value of bond
Which r 2 types of trial balance
Writing from journal to ledger is called?
2-3 qustns from foreign exchange arithmetic
Calculate amount given to petty cashier using imprest method
Current ratio based questions
Quick ratio is another name of -------?
Depreciation problems using wdv
Straight line method and sum of digits method



……………………………………………………………………


1) bond theorem -2 question 
2) bond sum
3) quick ratio 2sum
4) current ratio 1 sum
5) depreciation 4 sum
6) NPV
7) Pay back method 
8) ARR method _1 
9) Capital budgeting 1
10) Compound interest 2 sum 
11) Bond ARR value 
12) Concept of covertism 
13) Concept of consistency 
14) Full disclosure 
15) Accounting method -3 
16) Cost method 
17) Material method
18) Matching method 
19) Small savings bank account - who all can open , look 
20) EMI
21) Coupon rate 
22) Kyc 
23) Bcbsi account 
24) Trail balance error 
25) Company types - how it vil be registered 
26) LAN WAN - networking of 27)computreconcilation in which entry is required .... In which rectification entry not require 
28) Which error affects two accounts 
29) forward point - dollar to euro, euro to rupee 3 questions

Direct simple question on EMI
Twisted but very simple question in depreciation
Ratios some questions
KYC
LAN and WAN
Computer password
Reconsiliation
3 questions from cash book pass book. In this one question is sum others are theoretical
Conversion from euro to one unit of rupee
Direct questions on forward point
2-3 questions currency conversion dollars
Quick and current ratio - 4-5 questions
Emi 5 Lakhs 12% - monthly EMI for 2 years
Deprecation 3-4 questions numerical
The value get double at 9.75% in how many years
Single sided corr - 2-3 questions
RTGS related
Computer security related
Advantage of computerisation
Balance sheet
Prepaid expenses is what ...
Personal account
One more on real account based
Loan processing - 2 questions

Very important for caiib JAIIB high power value

 


Very important for caiib JAIIB high power value ::
How to calculate high power of given value.

This question was asked many times before and experts gave solution for this. But some members still didn't get it.
Here I am trying to present the same menthod symbolically.

Lets take the example:
We have to calculate 1.01^120

Step 1:
Make factors of power (here it is 120)
12*10
15*8
20*6

Factors may be any pair or in three digit as per your convenience.

Suppose we choose 12*10

Step 2:
Enter value (here it is 1.01)

Step 3:
Press sign of multiplication ( * )

Step 4:
Press equal sign ( = ) eleven times ( 11 times)

Step 5:
Press sign of multiplication ( * ) again

Step 6:
Press equal sign ( = ) nine  times ( 9 times) and U will get answer.

Types of Endorsements

 

Types of Endorsements:-

1)     Blank Endorsements: section 16(1) it means endorser only signs his name with adding any words or directions this endorsement makes the instrument payable to bearer.
2)     Endorsement in Full: - The endorser added the name of endorsee specifically.
3)     Conditional Endorsement: Here the endorser puts some conditions for endorsee Here the binding of conditions is between endorsee and endorser only. 
4)     San recourse Endorsement: - Endorser added the words without recourse to me.
5)     Facultative Endorsement: - Where an endorser waives the condition of notice of dishonour.
6)     Endorsement on Bearer Cheque: - The endorsement on bearer cheque is meaning less as the cheque once bearer is always bear.

Crossing:-

General Crossing (Sec.123): Two parallel transverse lines on the face of instruments with or without word ‘Not negotiable’. It is direction to the paying bank that do not pay the cheque across the counter.
Special Crossing (Sec.124): In addition of general crossing the cheque bears the name of collecting bank either with or without the words ‘Not negotiable’.

Collection of cheques:-

Section 131: a banker who has in good faith and without negligence received payment for a customer of a cheque (not available for B/E and P/N) crossed generally or specially.  The present section gives protection provided following conditions are fulfilled…

a)    The bank must have acted in good faith and without negligence.
b)    Bank has received the payment as an agent for collection.
c)    Bank has collected the cheque in the duly introduced account of customer only.
d)    The cheque collected must be crossed.

Payment of cheques:-

Liability of drawee (paying banker): It is obligation of the banker to honour the cheques of a customer provided there is sufficient balance and the cheque is otherwise in order.  Section 31 of NI act provides that “The Drawee of a cheque:

a)    Must have sufficient funds in the account.
b)    Properly applicable to the payment of such cheque.
c)    Must pay the cheque when duly required to do so.
d)    In default of such payment, must compensate the drawer for any loss or damage.

Protection for paying banker in case of cheque:-

Regularity of endorsement Section 85(1): Paying banker’s liability is to ensure the regularity of the endorsement and is not concerned with genuineness of endorsement.  The genuineness of endorsement is the liability of collecting banker.  Therefore, protection is available to the paying banker in case of forged endorsements.

Payment in due course (Section-10):-

a)    In accordance with the apparent tenor of the instrument.
b)    In good faith and without negligence.
c)    To the person in possession of the instrument.
d)    Under the circumstances which do not afford a reasonable ground for believing that he is not entitled to receive the payment of the amount mentioned therein.

When bank should not pay:-

a)    The death of the drawer in case of individual’s account terminates the contractual relationship.
b)    Insane customers: in case of insanity.
c)    Insolvent drawers: The bank should stop the operation of such account as if drawer adjudged insolvent and balance in the account vested with official receiver/assignee.
d)    Countermanded by drawer: on receipt of valid stop payment instruction by the drawer.
e)    Others: when a cheque is post dated, with insufficient balance in the account, cheque is of doubtful legality, or cheque is irregular, ambiguous, materially altered or stale etc.

Dishonour of cheques (Sec. 138-147):-

The payee or holder in due course should give notice to drawer within 30 days of return of cheque with the reason “Insufficient balance” and demanding payment within 15 days of his receiving information of dishonour. Drawee can make payment within 15 days of the receipt of notice and only if he fails to do so prosecution could take place.  The complaint is to be made with in one month of the cause of action arising that is expiry of the notice period.

Punishments:

a)    Summary proceedings: fine up to Rs. 5000/- and imprisonment up to one year or both.
b)    Regular proceedings: fine up to the double the amount of cheque or imprisonment up to 2 years or both.

Mortgage

 Mortgage


. Mortgage is defined in Section 58 of the Transfer of Property Act.
2. Mortgage is the transfer of interest in a specific immovable property, for the purpose of securing an existing or future debt or
for the performance of an engagement which may give rise to a pecuniary liability. The person creating the mortgage is called as
the mortgagor and the person in whose favour mortgage is created (bank) is called as the mortgagee.
3. Immovable property, means land and things attached or permanently fastened to the earth.
4. Types of Mortgage: There are six types of mortgages namely (i) Simple Mortgage (ii) Mortgage by Conditional Sale (iii)
Usufructuary Mortgage (iv) English Mortgage (v) Mortgage by Deposit of title Deeds (Equitable Mortgage) and (vi). Anamalous
Mortgage. Of these, all • mortgages except Equitable Mortgage require registration with the Registrar of Assurances.
5. Registered Mortgage: In the case of registered mortgage (also called legal mortgage) first a mortgage deed is written which is
stamped as per Stamp Act of the concerned state. The deed is then executed in the presence of two witnesses. Thereafter, in
terms of the Indian Registration Act 1908, it is to be registered with the Registrar of Assurances (Sub Registrar) within 4 months of
the execution.
6. Simple Mortgage: In simple mortgage the mortgagor makes himself personally liable to pay the debt and agrees that in the
event of failing to pay according to his contract, mortgagee can get the property sold through the intervention of the court. If after
sale of property some debt is still outstanding, the borrower shall be- personally liable for the outstanding amount. Neither the
possession nor ownership of the property is transferred to the mortgagee. The mortgagee cannot exercise the right of foreclosure.
7. Mortgage by Conditional Sale: The mortgagor ostensibly sells the property to the mortgagee upon the condition that if the
debt is paid in time the property will be transferred back to him and in case of nonpayment within the specified time the
transaction would become a real sale. There is no personal liability of the mortgagor. In case of default, the mortgagee can exercise
his right of foreclosure through court.
8. Usufructuary Mortgage: In this mortgage, possession of the property is transferred to the mortgagee. The mortgage money is
recovered through income of the mortgaged property. There is no personal liability of mortgagor.
9. English Mortgage: As in the case of simple mortgage, the mortgagor undertakes personal liability to pay the debt. He transfers
the ownership of mortgaged property to the mortgagee upon a condition that property must be transferred back to him on
payment of debt. Mortgagee can sell the mortgaged property even without the intervention of court.
Equitable Mortgage
1. Equitable Mortgage is called as Mortgage by Deposit of Title Deeds.
2. It can be created by mere deposit of title deeds of property with intention to borrow.
3 a.Title deeds should be deposited at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai ( Presidency Towns) or any other town notified by the State
Government in this regard. It is not necessary that the title deeds should be deposited with the branch or at the place where the
loan is being raised.
3 b.These can be deposited anywhere in India at a notified place.
it is not necessary that it should be within bank branch premises. Mortgagor can deliver the title deeds to an authorized
representative of the bank at mortgagor's residence or other place provided it is in a Notified Centre.
4. The property to be mortgaged may be located anywhere in India (For example, for property located in Delhi, title deeds can be
deposited at Chennai.
5. Equitable Mortgage does not require registration with Registrar of Assurances. But in case of a limited company, charge in
yespect of equitable mortgage under Section 125 of the Companies Act, 1956 must be registered with Registrar of Companies.
6. A title deed can be a sale deed, lease deed, partition deed, gift deed, deed of assignment, deed of relinquishment, or such
other documents. Agreement to sale is not a title deed.
7. Normally a bank should insist for original title deeds but in exceptional cases equitable mortgage can be. created even by
certified copy of the title deeds.
8. Property located in cantonment areas should not be accepted for equitable mortgage, without clearance from cantonment
authorities.
10.The bank should not part with the title deeds even for a short duration at the request of the mortgagor because if some other
creditor is induced to finance on the basis of title deeds, the bank may Lose priority over the mortgaged property.
11. No registration with Registrar of Assurance is required. For a company, registration with ROC within 30 days is required u/s
87 of Companies Act 2013. Under SARFAESI Act, registration with CERSAI.
12.Deposit can take place within Municipal limits of Presidency Towns (Kolkata, Chennai or Mumbai) or State Govt. Notified Towns.
It is not necessary that the place for deposit of title.deeds, should be bank branch premises
Legal Opinion and Search Report: Before accepting mortgage of immovable property, legal opinion should be
obtained that the property is fit for mortgage and search should be conducted in the records of Registrar /Sub
Registrar for at least 12 years to ensure that the property is free from prior encumbrance.
Priority of Mortgage: The priority of the mortgage is considered from the date of execution of the mortgage deed (in the case of
registered mortgage) or from the date of creation of mortgage by deposit of title deeds and not with reference to the type of
mortgage or date of registration.
Right of Redemption: Right of the mortgagor to get back his mortgaged property on repayment of the loan, is called as the right of
redemption. This is available in all types of mortgages.
Right of foreclosure: The right of the mortgagee to deny the mortgagor of the property to exercise his right of redemption i.e.
debarring the mortgagor for ever to get back the mortgaged property is called as the right of foreclosure. This right is available to
the mortgagee in case of mortgage by conditional sale.

PPB recollected questions on 06.12.2020

  06.12.2020

SMA-0 Principal or interest payment not overdue for more than 30 days but account showing signs of incipient stress

SMA-1 Principal or interest payment overdue between 31-60 days

SMA-2 Principal or interest payment overdue between 61-90 days

Governor of the Reserve Bank of India – Chairperson, ex officio; (Shri Shaktikanta Das) of MPC

5 Mark's question are easy just odd one out you can manage them easily

Many questions on ethics and professionalism

One question was there on there on LC financing

Call money

Locker nomination

CRR

Conflict of interest

Penetration marketing

Minor do not want to be a partner

Basel 2 and 3,

Marketing mix,

case studies on nomination in locker accounts,

LANS,

business value,

Ethical dilemma,

pledge,

hypo, .

mortgage and assignment match the following,

numerical on NPA provision for doubtful assets.

Priority sector advances to weaker sections,

updated investment and turnover for micro industries,

diversification,

MKIS

customer banker relationship

question regarding SWITF


PMJDY

PMAPY

PMJJBY

PMSBY

Fair practice of lending

Non popular social networking site

Code of conduct for Direct Sales Agent made by?

Valuation of Mutual fund on...

Pre shipment credit

FCNR(B) is ___ form of term deposit

Data mining tools

Frauds committed by large number of customers

Call money market

Minor who doesn't want to be in partnership should do...

Business facilitator work on behalf of...

Ethical Dilemma

Increase in CRR...

type of mergers

Locker operation related

current ratio compare

Liberalized Remittance scheme related

marketing 15 question

ethics 15 questions

Cash management services related

Mutual fund scheme

NPA- D1, D2 related questions

Provisioning numerical

Priority sector related

Identify weaker section

Endorsement case study

Banking regulation act ke question

Rangarajan Committee

Narasimham committee

Classification of Assets 

Computerization in Banks 

Priority Sector – Target 

Money Market 

Marketing Ethics 

Match the Following – Vehicle, LIC Policy, Land, Hypothecation, Pledge Etc 

Provision of Doubtful Assets 

Banking Regulation ACT 

NPA 

General Banking – Either or Survivor 

MSME 

TNW 

Current Ratio 

SWIFT – related working DAYS 

CRILC – who developed (Ans: RBI) 

REPO RATE – Definition 

MICRO/SMALL /MEDIUM 

ISO Standards for smart cards – ISO 7816

ATM 

Weaker sections in PSL 

PMJJBY 

Mortgage 

MCLR 

PRODUCT MIX 

Ex-Officio chairman of MPC (Ans: RBI Governor)

Penalty of non-maintenance of CRR 

Debt Market 

Marketing & Product Development 

Product Life Cycle Stages 

NRLM Objective 

Letter of Credit 

Commercial Paper 

MKIS(Marketing Information System)

 Rangarajan Committee

Narasimham committee

Classification of Assets 

Computerization in Banks 

Priority Sector – Target 

Money Market 

Marketing Ethics 

Match the Following – Vehicle, LIC Policy, Land, Hypothecation, Pledge Etc 

Provision of Doubtful Assets 

Banking Regulation ACT 

NPA 

General Banking – Either or Survivor 

MSME 

TNW 

Current Ratio 

SWIFT – related working DAYS 

CRILC – who developed (Ans: RBI) 

REPO RATE – Definition 

MICRO/SMALL /MEDIUM 

ISO Standards for smart cards – ISO 7816

ATM 

Weaker sections in PSL 

PMJJBY 

Mortgage 

MCLR 

PRODUCT MIX 

Ex-Officio chairman of MPC (Ans: RBI Governor)

Penalty of non-maintenance of CRR 

Debt Market 

Marketing & Product Development 

Product Life Cycle Stages 

NRLM Objective 

Letter of Credit 

Commercial Paper

Business value

Ethical dilemma

Pledge, hypo, mortgage and assignment match the following

Numerical on NPA provision for doubtful assets

Priority sector advances to weaker sections

Updated investment and turnover for micro industries

Diversification

MKIS

Basel 2 and 3

Marketing Mix

Case studies on nomination in locker accounts

LAN

Questions on cheque conversion

call money market

PMJDY

Fair practice of lending

Non popular social networking site

Code of conduct for Direct Sales Agent made by?

Valuation of Mutual fund on…

Pre shipment credit

FCNR(B) is _ form of term deposit

Data mining tools

Frauds committed by large number of customers\

Call money market

Minor who doesn’t want to be in partnership should do…

Business facilitator work on behalf of…

Ethical Dilemma

Increase in CRR…

PMAPY

PMJJBY

PMSBY

Banking definition

Accept deposit purpose

Bank interest rates in marketing

Which one is not mkis

gross advance

Net working capital

Weaker section categories

Fair practice of lender 2 to 3 questions

mutual fund related 1

Rangarajan Committee

Narasimham committee

Classification of Assets

Computerization in Banks

Priority Sector – Target

Computerization in Banks

Priority Sector – Target

Money Market

Marketing Ethics

Match the Following – Vehicle, LIC Policy, Land, Hypothecation, Pledge Etc

Provision of Doubtful Assets

Banking Regulation ACT

NPA

General Banking – Either or Survivor

MSME

TNW

Current Ratio

SWIFT – related working DAYS

CRILC – who developed (Ans: RBI)

REPO RATE – Definition

MICRO/SMALL /MEDIUM

ISO Standards for smart cards – ISO 7816

ATM

Weaker sections in PSL

Mortgage

MCLR

PRODUCT MIX

Ex-Officio chairman of MPC (Ans: RBI Governor)

Penalty of non-maintenance of CRR

Debt Market

Marketing & Product Development

Product Life Cycle Stages

NRLM Objective

Letter of Credit

Marketing Ethics

Match the Following – Vehicle, LIC Policy, Land, Hypothecation, Pledge Etc

Provision of Doubtful Assets

Banking Regulation ACT

NPA

General Banking – Either or Survivor

MSME

TNW

Current Ratio

SWIFT – related working DAYS

CRILC – who developed (Ans: RBI)

REPO RATE – Definition

MICRO/SMALL /MEDIUM

ISO Standards for smart cards – ISO 7816

ATM

Mortgage

MCLR

Marketing & Product Development

Product Life Cycle Stages

NRLM Objective

Letter of Credit

Commercial Paper

MKIS(Marketing Information System)

Sunday, 22 May 2022

All IIBF 2022 Certifications ,JAIIB ,CAIIB PDFs in single link

 All IIBF Certifications PDFs in single link

Be safe ,stay safe during this covid pandemic

Read corresponding  IIBF book 1st Macmillan / Taxmann.

These all materials are extra information to get knowledge.

All the best

IIBFADDA4U:


Certified credit officer/Professionals
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1noDBuJjOoNhbJYO5ghbNdI_1-lbBEpH8/view?usp=sharing


MSME
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1i4H8NgpjCtlEefnPW1KTIKDj9BWdHLcg/view?usp=sharing

KYC AML:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ooohD2A7OO8UaO2WjUBLyRd1aD_Yco6s/view?usp=sharing

BCSBI
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IN4SVWdxCCMZ9nRvSUwbI4O0kCGGKCic/view?usp=sharing

CAIIB ABM
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XsZMX4Xfonqp_CVWz-PtfEZ6TxDEYb-n/view?usp=sharing

CAIIB IT
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UO2x6ZP7jDmS2Q3GXEhoO1_NyNYgWT-d/view?usp=sharing

Certified Treasury Professionals:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1T-P1FwMLVjsJRvuLybZnssvRqFt1D5E4/view?usp=sharing

Digital banking
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dNOf3cwC9oHkrGyBozvmGZOmbXLZjV55/view?usp=sharing

Forex Individual
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1R6VPUzjNyiSGpf2f3aCAJZEPiY7fwOCW/view?usp=sharing

Forex Operations
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1h54CyU7wN14T2M4wHNZCNGDzrihHYUeE/view?usp=sharing

Cyber Crime and fraud management
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1EBffHoxmW8rNmG5Q-peY2wn5QNlH0Lot/view?usp=sharing

ALL JAIIB Materials:








Regular Study - Accounting & Finance for Bankers

 


Regular Study - Basic Accounting Terms
The understanding of the subject becomes easy when one has the knowledge of a few
important terms of accounting. Let us go through some of them.
Transactions
Transactions are those activities of a business, which involve transfer of money or goods or
services between two persons or two accounts. For example, purchase of goods, sale of
goods, borrowing from bank, lending of money, salaries paid, rent paid, commission
received and dividend received. Transactions are of two types, namely, cash and credit
transactions.
Cash Transaction is one where cash receipt or payment is involved in the transaction. For
example, When You buys goods from a seller paying the price of goods by cash
immediately, it is a cash transaction.
Credit Transaction is one where cash is not involved immediately but will be paid or
received later. In the above example, if You, do not pay cash immediately but promises to
pay later, it is credit transaction.
Proprietor
A person who owns a business is called its proprietor. He contributes capital to the business
with the intention of earning profit.
Capital
It is the amount invested by the proprietor/s in the business. This amount is increased by the
amount of profits earned and the amount of additional capital introduced. It is decreased by
the amount of losses incurred and the amounts withdrawn. For example, if Mr. Ram starts
business with Rs.10,00,000, his capital would be Rs.10,00,000.
Assets
Assets are the properties of every description belonging to the business. Cash in hand, plant
and machinery, furniture and fittings, bank balance, debtors, bills receivable, stock of
goods, investments, Goodwill are examples for assets. Assets can be classified into tangible
and intangible.
Tangible Assets: These assets are those having physical existence. It can be seen and
touched. For example, plant & machinery, cash, etc.
Intangible Assets: Intangible assets are those assets having no physical existence but their
possession gives rise to some rights and benefits to the owner. It cannot be seen and
touched. Goodwill, patents, trademarks are some of the examples.
Liabilities
Liabilities refer to the financial obligations of a business. These denote the amounts which a
business owes to others, e.g., loans from banks or other persons, creditors for goods
supplied, bills payable, outstanding expenses, bank overdraft etc.
Drawings
It is the amount of cash or value of goods withdrawn from the business by the proprietor for
his personal use. It is deducted from the capital.
Debtors
A person (individual or firm) who receives a benefit without giving money or money’s
worth immediately, but liable to pay in future or in due course of time is a debtor. The
debtors are shown as an asset in the balance sheet. For example, Mr. Ravi bought goods on
credit from Mr. Ram for Rs.10,000. Mr. Ravi is a debtor to Mr. Ram till he pays the value
of the goods.
Creditors
A person who gives a benefit without receiving money or money’s worth immediately but
to claim in future, is a creditor. The creditors are shown as a liability in the balance sheet. In
the above example Mr. Ram is a creditor to Mr. Ravi till he receive the value of the goods.
Purchases
Purchases refers to the amount of goods bought by a business for resale or for use in the
production. Goods purchased for cash are called cash purchases. If it is purchased on
credit, it is called as credit purchases. Total purchases include both cash and credit
purchases.
Purchases Return or Returns Outward
When goods are returned to the suppliers due to defective quality or not as per the terms of
purchase, it is called as purchases return. To find net purchases, purchases return is
deducted from the total purchases.
Sales
Sales refers to the amount of goods sold that are already bought or manufactured by the
business. When goods are sold for cash, they are cash sales but if goods are sold and
payment is not received at the time of sale, it is credit sales. Total sales includes both cash
and credit sales.
Sales Return or Returns Inward
When goods are returned from the customers due to defective quality or not as per the terms
of sale, it is called sales return or returns inward. To find out net sales, sales return is
deducted from total sales.
Stock
Stock includes goods unsold on a particular date. Stock may be opening and closing stock.
The term opening stock means goods unsold in the beginning of the accounting period.
Whereas the term closing stock includes goods unsold at the end of the accounting period.
For example, if 5,000 units purchased @ Rs. 30 per unit remain unsold, the closing stock is
Rs. 1,50,000. This will be opening stock of the subsequent year.
Revenue
Revenue means the amount receivable or realised from sale of goods and earnings from
interest, dividend, commission, etc.
Expense
It is the amount spent in order to produce and sell the goods and services. For example,
purchase of raw materials, payment of salaries, wages, etc.
Income
Income is the difference between revenue and expense.
Voucher
It is a written document in support of a transaction. It is a proof that a particular transaction
has taken place for the value stated in the voucher. It may be in the form of cash receipt,
invoice, cash memo, bank pay-in-slip etc. Voucher is necessary to audit the accounts.
Invoice
Invoice is a business document which is prepared when one sell goods to another. The
statement is prepared by the seller of goods. It contains the information relating to name and
address of the seller and the buyer, the date of sale and the clear description of goods with
quantity and price.
Receipt
Receipt is an acknowledgement for cash received. It is issued to the party paying cash.
Receipts form the basis for entries in cash book.
Account
Account is a summary of relevant business transactions at one place relating to a person,
asset, expense or revenue named in the heading. An account is a brief history of financial
transactions of a particular person or item. An account has two sides called debit side and
credit side.
Regular Study - Classification of Accounts
Classification of Accounts
Transactions can be divided into three categories.
i. Transactions relating to individuals and firms
ii. Transactions relating to properties, goods or cash
iii. Transactions relating to expenses or losses and incomes or gains.
Therefore, accounts can also be classified into Personal, Real and Nominal. The
classification may be illustrated as follows
Personal Accounts:
Accounts recording transactions relating to individuals or firms or company are known as
personal accounts. Personal accounts may further be classified as:
(i) Natural Person’s personal accounts: The accounts recording transactions relating to
individual human beings e.g., Anand’s a/c, Ramesh’s a/c, Pankaj a/c are classified as natural
persons’ personal accounts.
(ii) Artificial Persons’ Personal accounts: The accounts recording transactions relating to
limited companies, bank, firm, institution, club, etc., Delhi Cloth Mill; M/s Sahoo & Sahoo;
Hans Raj College; Gymkhana Club are classified as artificial persons’ personal accounts.
(iii) Representative Personal Accounts: The accounts recording transactions relating to
the expenses and incomes are classified as nominal accounts. But in certain cases (due to
the matching concept of accounting) the amount, on a particular date, is payable to the
individuals or recoverable from individuals. Such amount (i) relates to the particular head of
expenditure or income and (ii) represent persons to whom it is payable or from whom it is
recoverable. Such accounts are classified as representative personal accounts e.g., “wages
outstanding account”, pre-paid Insurance account, etc.
The proprietor being an individual his capital account and his drawings account are
also personal accounts.
Impersonal Accounts
All those accounts which are not personal accounts. This is further divided into two types
viz. Real and Nominal accounts.
i. Real Accounts: Accounts relating to properties and assets which are owned by the
business concern. Real accounts include tangible and intangible accounts. For example,
Land, Building, Goodwill, Purchases, etc.
ii. Nominal Accounts: These accounts do not have any existence, form or shape. They
relate to incomes and expenses and gains and losses of a business concern. For example,
Salary Account, Dividend Account, etc.
Rules of debit and credit (classification based)
1. Personal accounts : Debit the receiver - Credit the giver (supplier)
2. Real accounts : Debit what comes in - Credit what goes out
3. Nominal accounts : Debit expenses and losses - Credit incomes and gains

LIMITATION ASPECTS

 LIMITATION ASPECTS

1. Law of Limitation bars only the right and not the remedy (for eg. right to sell the seized goods,
pledged goods, right of set off etc Can be resorted to in time barred accounts)
2. The number of times the AOD can be obtained from the borrower without getting a fresh set of
documents is No such stipulation
3. Limitation period for applying for final decree Three years (from the date given/expiry of time
given) in the preliminary decree
4. The limitation period in the case of guarantees obtained by the bank from the borrower is:
is not renewed
5. AOD obtained after expiry of pronote - Not valid
6. The Limitation period in the case of a loan backed by mortgage is 12 years from the mortgage
money falling due
7. The Limitation period for enforcement of guarantee is 3 years from the expiry date or demand or
revocation.
8. When different persons have executed the documents on different dates, following date will be
reckoned for computation of limitation The date of first execution.
9. The period of limitation for execution of a decree is 12 years from the date of decree becoming
executable
10.A bill of exchange is discounted to our customer who is the drawer of the bill. The bill is returned
by the collecting banker for the reason ―Payment not forthcoming. The party has not provided funds
for recovering the dues. To save Limitation AOD is to be obtained from the drawer and the drawee.
11. In the case of gold loan, to save limitation for filing suit, we have to obtain: Letter of revival
unstamped.

Limitation period of various documents CCP exam

 Limitation period of various documents CCP exam



Temporary Overdraft without DPN 3 years from date of loan
Demand Loan 3 years from the date of loan
Demand Promissory Note 3 years from date of DPN
Bill of exchange_payable on demand 3 years from date of Bill.
Usance bill of exchange or promissory note 3 years from the due date of the bill or PN •
-Suit for Money_ Decree 3 years from the date right is due
Term Loans payable by instalments 3 years from due date of each instalment . .
Mortgage 12 years from the due date of the loan
Right of foreclosure by the mortgagee 30 years
Right of redemption 30 years
Cash credit against hypothecation or overdraft 3 years from the date of document.
Cash Credit Pledge Not applicable
Any suit by State/Central Government 30 years from the date when limitation would start
Deposit like SB, CA, FD with a bank 3 years from date of demand
Execution of Decree 12 years from the date of decree
Recovery of loss caused by fraud 3 years from the date of detection of fraud
Claim under Consumer Protection Act 2 year from the date light accrues
Dishonour of cheque under sec 138 of NI Act 1 month from the date right accrues
Appeal to High Court against Lower court 90 days from date of decree
Appeal to other courts on the decree at Lower court 30 days from date of decree

JAIIB – AFB (ACCOUNTING & FINANCE FOR BANKERS)

 JAIIB – AFB (ACCOUNTING & FINANCE FOR BANKERS)


You are given a balance sheet of a business firm with following particulars. Work out the
ratios given at the end......
Liabilities 1st yr 2nd yr
Capital 40 40
Reserves 15 20
Debentures 70 60
Other Current Liabilities 18 24
Bank Working Capital Limits 37 36
Total Liabilities 180 180
Assets 1st yr 2nd yr
Fixed Assets 32 33
Advance for fixed assets 5 -
Security Deposits 4 6
Stocks 66 81
Book Debts 49 30
Sundry Debtors 16 24
Preliminary Expenses 8 6
Total Assets 180 180
Sales 312 390
Profits 8 9
Depreciation 3 3
1. The short term sources of funds and short term uses of funds during the first year
was......
a. 55 and 131
b. 37 and 131
c. 55 and 105
d. 37 and 105
Ans - a
.............................................
2. The long term sources of funds and long term use of funds during the 2nd year
was......
a. 120 and 45
b. 100 and 45
c. 120 and 39
d. 112 and 39
Ans - d
.............................................
3. The short term sources of funds during the 2nd year, compared to the 1st year
have......
a. shown increase
b. shown decline
c. shown no change
d. none of the above
Ans - a
.............................................
4. The long term of use of funds during the 2nd year, compared to the 1st year has ......
a. shown increase
b. shown decline
c. shown no change
d. none of the above
Ans - b
.............................................
5. Current Ratio and Quick Ratio for the 2nd year are respectively......
a. 2.20:1 and 0.8:1
b. 2.42:1 and 0.9:1
c. 2.25:1 and 0.9:1
d. 2.22:1 and 0.8:1
Ans - c
.............................................
6. What is the Debt-equity ratio for the 1st and 2nd year?
a. 1.11:1 and 1.49:1
b. 1.49:1 and 1.11:1
c. 1.32:1 and 1.11:1
d. 1.98:1 and 1.73:1
Ans - d
.............................................
7. Cash accrual for 1st and 2nd year respectively is......
a. 8 and 9
b. 9 and 8
c. 11 and 12
d. 12 and 11
Ans - c
.............................................
8. Net Working Capital of 2nd year, over the 1st year has shown......
a. no change
b. deterioration
c. increase
d. decline and improvement
Ans - b
.............................................
9. Net profit to sales ratio for the 1st year has been......
a. 2.3%
b. 2.5%
c. 2.9%
d. 3.4%
Ans - b
.............................................
JAIIB-AFB-CASE STUDIES/NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
Cost of asset = 1,00,000
Estimated residual value = 10,000
Estimated useful life of asset = 5 years
Find the book value at the end of 2nd year using double declining balance method.
a. 24000
b. 36000
c. 40000
d. 64000
Ans - b
Explanation
Depreciation rate = (1/useful life) x 200%
= 1/5 x 200% = 20% x 2 = 40%
(*) depreciation stops when book value = residual value
[Year 1]
Depreciation amount for year 1
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
= 1,00,000 x 40% = 40,000
Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 1 = 40,000
Book value at the end of year 1
= 1,00,000 - 40,000 = 60,000
[Year 2]
Depreciation amount for year 2
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
= 60,000 x 40% = 24,000
Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 2
= 40,000 + 24,000 = 64,000
Book value at the end of year 2
= 1,00,000 - 64,000 = 36,000
[Year 3]
Depreciation amount for year 3
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
= 36,000 x 40% = 14,400
Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 3
= 40,000 + 24,000 + 14,400 = 78,400
Book value at the end of year 3
= 1,00,000 - 78,400 = 21,600
[Year 4]
Depreciation amount for year 4
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
= 21,600 x 40% = 8,640
Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 4
= 40,000 + 24,000 + 14,000 + 8,640 = 87,040
Book value at the end of year 4
= 1,00,000 - 87,040 = 12,960
[Year 5]
Depreciation amount for year 5
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
= 12,960 x 40% = 5,184
[NOTE]
For year 5, depreciation amount will not be 5,184.
If 5,184 is depreciated,
--> book value = 12,960 - 5,184 = 7,776
--> book value < residual value
Depreciation stops when book value = residual value
--> depreciation amount for year 5 = 2,960
--> book value = 12,960 - 2,960 = $10,000
.............................................
JAIIB-AFB-CASE STUDIES/NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
Cost of asset = 8,00,000
Estimated residual value = 10% of the cost
Estimated useful life of asset = 5 years
Find the book value at the end of 1st year using double declining balance method.
a. 240000
b. 320000
c. 480000
d. 660000
Ans - c
Explanation
Depreciation rate = (1/useful life) x 200%
= 1/5 x 200% = 20% x 2 = 40%
[Year 1]
Depreciation amount for year 1
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
8,00,000 x 40% = 3,20,000
Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 1 = 3,20,000
Book value at the end of year 1
8,00,000 - 3,20,000 = 4,80,000
.............................................
Cost of asset = 8,00,000
Estimated residual value = 10% of the cost
Estimated useful life of asset = 5 years
Find the accumulated depreciation for the 2nd year using double declining balance
method.
a. 312000
b. 424000
c. 512000
d. 604000
Ans - c
Explanation
Depreciation rate = (1/useful life) x 200%
= 1/5 x 200% = 20% x 2 = 40%
[Year 1]
Depreciation amount for year 1
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
8,00,000 x 40% = 3,20,000
Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 1 = 3,20,000
Book value at the end of year 1
8,00,000 - 3,20,000 = 4,80,000
[Year 2]
Depreciation amount for year 2
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
4,80,000 x 40% = 1,92,000
Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 2
3,20,000 + 1,92,000 = 5,12,000
.............................................
Cost of asset = 8,00,000
Estimated residual value = 10% of the cost
Estimated useful life of asset = 5 years
Find the book value at the end of 1st year using double declining balance method.
a. 240000
b. 320000
c. 480000
d. 660000
Ans - c
Explanation
Depreciation rate = (1/useful life) x 200%
= 1/5 x 200% = 20% x 2 = 40%
[Year 1]
Depreciation amount for year 1
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
8,00,000 x 40% = 3,20,000
Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 1 = 3,20,000
Book value at the end of year 1
8,00,000 - 3,20,000 = 4,80,000
[Year 2]
Depreciation amount for year 2
= beginning book value x depreciation rate
4,80,000 x 40% = 1,92,000
Accumulated depreciation at the end of year 2
3,20,000 + 1,92,000 = 5,12,000
Book value at the end of year 2
8,00,000 - 5,12,000 = 2,88,000
2,88,000 x 40% = 1,15,200
5,12,000 + 1,15,200 = 6,27,200
8,00,000 - 6,27,000 = 1,72,800
1,72,800 x 40% = 69,120
6,27,200 + 69,120 = 6,96,320
8,00,000 - 6,96,320 = 1,03,680
1,03,680 - 80,000 = 23,680
6,96,320 + 23,680 = 7,20,000
8,00,000 - 7,20,000 = 80,000
.............................................
JAIIB-AFB-CASE STUDIES/NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
Sahil took a loan for 6 years at the rate of 5% per annum on Simple Interest, If the total
interest paid was Rs. 1230, the principal was
A. 4100
B. 4200
C. 4300
D. 4400
Ans - A
Explanation:
S.I.=P*R*T/100
=>P=S.I.*100/R/T
By applying above formula we can easily solve this question, as we are already having
the simple interest.
P = 1230*100/6/5
= 4100
.............................................
There was simple interest of Rs. 4016.25 on a principal amount at the rate of 9%p.a. in
5 years. Find the principal amount
A. Rs 7925
B. Rs 8925
C. Rs 7926
D. Rs 7925
Ans - B
Explanation:
S.I.=P*R*T/100
=>P=S.I.*100/R/T
P = 4016.25*100/9/5
= 8925
.............................................
Effective annual rate of interest corresponding to nominal rate of 6% per annum
compounded half yearly will be
A. 6.09%
B. 6.10%
C. 6.12%
D. 6.14%
Ans - A
Explanation:
Let the amount Rs 100 for 1 year when compounded half yearly, n = 2, Rate = 6/2 =
3%
Amount=100(1+3/100)^2=106.09
Effective rate = (106.09 - 100)% = 6.09%
.............................................
A sum of money invested at compound interest to Rs. 800 in 3 years and to Rs 840 in 4
years. The rate on interest per annum is.
A. 4%
B. 5%
C. 6%
D. 7%
Ans - B
Explanation:
S.I. on Rs 800 for 1 year = 40
Rate = (100*40)/(800*1) = 5%
.............................................
Find the rate at Simple interest, at which a sum becomes four times of itself in 15 years.
A. 10%
B. 20%
C. 30%
D. 40%
Ans - B
Explanation:
Let sum be x and rate be r%
then, (x*r*15)/100 = 3x [important to note here is that simple interest will be 3x not 4x,
beause 3x+x = 4x]
=> r = 20%
.............................................
At 5% per annum simple interest, Rahul borrowed Rs. 500. What amount will he pay to
clear the debt after 4 years ?
A. 750
B. 700
C. 650
D. 600
Ans - D
Explanation:
We need to calculate the total amount to be paid by him after 4 years, So it will be
Principal + simple interest. So,
=>500+500*5*4/100
=>Rs.600
.............................................
A sum of money amounts to Rs 9800 after 5 years and Rs 12005 after 8 years at the
same rate of simple interest. The rate of interest per annum is ......
a. 9%
b. 10%
c. 11%
d. 12%
Ans - d
Explanation:
We can get SI of 3 years = 12005 - 9800 = 2205
SI for 5 years = (2205/3)*5 = 3675 [so that we can get principal amount after deducting
SI]
Principal = 12005 - 3675 = 6125
So Rate = (100*3675)/(6125*5) = 12%
.............................................
JAIIB-AFB-CASE STUDIES/NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
A man saves Rs 200 at the end of each year and lends the money at 5% compound
interest. How much will it become at the end of 3 years?
a. Rs 660
b. Rs 662
c. Rs 664
d. Rs 666
Ans- b
Explanation:
= [200(2120×2120×2120)+200(2120×2120)+200(2120)]
= 662

MORTGAGE

 Mortgage


. Mortgage is defined in Section 58 of the Transfer of Property Act.
2. Mortgage is the transfer of interest in a specific immovable property, for the purpose of securing an existing or future debt or
for the performance of an engagement which may give rise to a pecuniary liability. The person creating the mortgage is called as
the mortgagor and the person in whose favour mortgage is created (bank) is called as the mortgagee.
3. Immovable property, means land and things attached or permanently fastened to the earth.
4. Types of Mortgage: There are six types of mortgages namely (i) Simple Mortgage (ii) Mortgage by Conditional Sale (iii)
Usufructuary Mortgage (iv) English Mortgage (v) Mortgage by Deposit of title Deeds (Equitable Mortgage) and (vi). Anamalous
Mortgage. Of these, all • mortgages except Equitable Mortgage require registration with the Registrar of Assurances.
5. Registered Mortgage: In the case of registered mortgage (also called legal mortgage) first a mortgage deed is written which is
stamped as per Stamp Act of the concerned state. The deed is then executed in the presence of two witnesses. Thereafter, in
terms of the Indian Registration Act 1908, it is to be registered with the Registrar of Assurances (Sub Registrar) within 4 months of
the execution.
6. Simple Mortgage: In simple mortgage the mortgagor makes himself personally liable to pay the debt and agrees that in the
event of failing to pay according to his contract, mortgagee can get the property sold through the intervention of the court. If after
sale of property some debt is still outstanding, the borrower shall be- personally liable for the outstanding amount. Neither the
possession nor ownership of the property is transferred to the mortgagee. The mortgagee cannot exercise the right of foreclosure.
7. Mortgage by Conditional Sale: The mortgagor ostensibly sells the property to the mortgagee upon the condition that if the
debt is paid in time the property will be transferred back to him and in case of nonpayment within the specified time the
transaction would become a real sale. There is no personal liability of the mortgagor. In case of default, the mortgagee can exercise
his right of foreclosure through court.
8. Usufructuary Mortgage: In this mortgage, possession of the property is transferred to the mortgagee. The mortgage money is
recovered through income of the mortgaged property. There is no personal liability of mortgagor.
9. English Mortgage: As in the case of simple mortgage, the mortgagor undertakes personal liability to pay the debt. He transfers
the ownership of mortgaged property to the mortgagee upon a condition that property must be transferred back to him on
payment of debt. Mortgagee can sell the mortgaged property even without the intervention of court.
Equitable Mortgage
1. Equitable Mortgage is called as Mortgage by Deposit of Title Deeds.
2. It can be created by mere deposit of title deeds of property with intention to borrow.
3 a.Title deeds should be deposited at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai ( Presidency Towns) or any other town notified by the State
Government in this regard. It is not necessary that the title deeds should be deposited with the branch or at the place where the
loan is being raised.
3 b.These can be deposited anywhere in India at a notified place.
it is not necessary that it should be within bank branch premises. Mortgagor can deliver the title deeds to an authorized
representative of the bank at mortgagor's residence or other place provided it is in a Notified Centre.
4. The property to be mortgaged may be located anywhere in India (For example, for property located in Delhi, title deeds can be
deposited at Chennai.
5. Equitable Mortgage does not require registration with Registrar of Assurances. But in case of a limited company, charge in
yespect of equitable mortgage under Section 125 of the Companies Act, 1956 must be registered with Registrar of Companies.
6. A title deed can be a sale deed, lease deed, partition deed, gift deed, deed of assignment, deed of relinquishment, or such
other documents. Agreement to sale is not a title deed.
7. Normally a bank should insist for original title deeds but in exceptional cases equitable mortgage can be. created even by
certified copy of the title deeds.
8. Property located in cantonment areas should not be accepted for equitable mortgage, without clearance from cantonment
authorities.
10.The bank should not part with the title deeds even for a short duration at the request of the mortgagor because if some other
creditor is induced to finance on the basis of title deeds, the bank may Lose priority over the mortgaged property.
11. No registration with Registrar of Assurance is required. For a company, registration with ROC within 30 days is required u/s
87 of Companies Act 2013. Under SARFAESI Act, registration with CERSAI.
12.Deposit can take place within Municipal limits of Presidency Towns (Kolkata, Chennai or Mumbai) or State Govt. Notified Towns.
It is not necessary that the place for deposit of title.deeds, should be bank branch premises
Legal Opinion and Search Report: Before accepting mortgage of immovable property, legal opinion should be
obtained that the property is fit for mortgage and search should be conducted in the records of Registrar /Sub
Registrar for at least 12 years to ensure that the property is free from prior encumbrance.
Priority of Mortgage: The priority of the mortgage is considered from the date of execution of the mortgage deed (in the case of
registered mortgage) or from the date of creation of mortgage by deposit of title deeds and not with reference to the type of
mortgage or date of registration.
Right of Redemption: Right of the mortgagor to get back his mortgaged property on repayment of the loan, is called as the right of
redemption. This is available in all types of mortgages.
Right of foreclosure: The right of the mortgagee to deny the mortgagor of the property to exercise his right of redemption i.e.
debarring the mortgagor for ever to get back the mortgaged property is called as the right of foreclosure. This right is available to
the mortgagee in case of mortgage by conditional sale.

PARTNERS’ CAPITAL AND LOAN ACCOUNTS

 PARTNERS’ CAPITAL AND LOAN ACCOUNTS



A. Methods of Maintaining Capital Accounts
The Partners’ capital accounts may be maintained by two methods, viz., Fixed Capital Method and Fluctuating Capital Method. Generally, the partnership deed mentions the method of maintaining capital accounts. If a particular method is stated in the partnership deed then the firm has to maintain the capital accounts only by that method. However, if there is no mention about the method of maintaining capital accounts in the partnership deed, the capital accounts are maintained as per the Fluctuating Capital Method.
(a) Fixed Capital Method
Under this method, for each partner two accounts are maintained. One is called the partner’s capital account and the other is called partner’s current account. Partner’s capital account is credited with the amount of capital contributed by the partner. All the adjustments regarding interest on capital, interest on drawings and share in profit or loss are recorded in the current account.
(b) Fluctuating Capital Method
Under this method, all the transactions relating to a partner are entered in only one capital account maintained for him. No current account is opened as in the Fixed Capital Method. Capital account is credited, not only with the amount contributed by him/her as capital, but other transactions, such as interest on capital, drawings and share of profits, are also recorded in the same capital account.


B. Partners’ Loan Accounts
Loans given by the partners, exclusive and independent of contributions by way of capital, are recorded in separate accounts called Partners’ Loan Accounts, keeping the Capital Accounts undisturbed.

C. Interest on Capital, Drawings and Loans from Partners
If there is an agreement to allow interest on capital, loan and drawings, interest is calculated at a rate specified in the agreement. In the absence of any such provision in the agreement, no interest will be allowed/charged on the capital and drawings and interest at the rate of 6 per cent per annum will be allowed on the partners’ loans to the firm. It may further be noted that, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, interest to partners, on the capital account, will be paid only if there is a profit. However, interest on a loan, given by the partners, has to be allowed, irrespective of the fact that there is no profit.